the origin of the distinction of ranks-第24节

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　necessary　for　that　purpose；　and　to　point　out　those　enterprises　which　he　think　it　would　be　expedient　for　them　to　undertake。　By　degrees　they　are　accustomed　to　follow　his　opinion；　in　planning　as　well　as　in　conducting　their　several　expeditions。　Warmly　attached　to　his　person；　and　zealous　to　promote　his　interest；　they　are　disposed　to　accompany　him　for　his　own　sake；　and　to　espouse　his　quarrel　upon　every　occasion。　'The　Germans；'　says　Tacitus；：esteem　it　an　inviolable　duty　to　defend　their　chief；　to　maintain　his　dignity；　and　to　yield　him　the　glory　of　all　their　exploits。　The　chiefs　fight　for　victory：　the　attendants　only　for　the　chief。'（11*）　As　the　leader　of　a　tribe　affords　protection　and　security　to　all　its　members；　so　he　expects　that　they　should　make　a　proper　return　for　these　good　offices　by　serVing　him　in　war。　To　refuse　this　service　would　not　only　expose　them　to　his　resentment；　but　be　regarded　as　a　mark　of　infidelity　or　cowardice　that　would　disgrace　them　for　ever　in　the　opinion　of　all　their　kindred。　When　on　the　other　hand；　they　are　willing　to　fulfil　their　duty；　by　appearing　in　the　field　as　often　as　they　are　summoned；　and　by　discharging　with　honour　the　trust　that　is　reposed　in　them；　they　are　admitted　to　be　the　friends　and　companions　of　the　chief；　they　are　entertained　at　his　table；　and　partake　in　all　his　amusements；　and　after　the　improvement　of　agriculture　has　given　rise　to　the　appropriation　of　land；　they　obtain　the　possession　of　landed　estates；　proportioned　to　their　merit；　and　suited　to　their　rank　and　circumstances。　　　　　As　the　chief　is；　by　his　office；　engaged　in　protecting　and　securing　the　members　of　his　tribe　from　the　hostile　attacks　of　their　neighbours；　so　he　endeavours　to　prevent　those　disorders　and　quarrels　which　may　sometimes　arise　among　themselves；　and　which　tend　to　weaken　and　disturb　the　society。　When　a　dispute　or　controversy　happens　among　those　who　belong　to　different　families；　he　readily　interposes　by　his　good　offices；　in　order　to　bring　about　a　reconciliation　between　the　parties；　who　at　the　same　time；　if　they　choose　to　avoid　an　open　rupture；　may　probably　be　willing　to　terminate　their　difference　by　referring　it　to　his　judgment。　To　render　his　decisions　effectual　he　is；　at　first；　under　the　necessity　of　employing　persuasion　and　intreaty；　and　of　calling　to　his　assistance　the　several　heads　of　families　in　the　tribe。　When　his　authority　is　better　established；　he　ventures　to　execute　his　sentences　by　force；　in　which；　from　considerations　of　expediency；　he　is　naturally　supported　by　every　impartial　and　unprejudiced　member　of　the　society。　Having　been　accustomed　to　determine　causes　in　consequence　of　a　reference；　and　finding　that　persons；　accused　of　injustice；　are　frequently　averse　to　such　determination；　he　is　at　length　induced；　when　complaints　are　made；　to　summon　parties　before　him；　and　to　judge　of　their　differences　independent　of　their　consent。　Thus　he　acquires　a　regular　jurisdiction　both　in　civil　and　criminal　cases；　in　the　exercise　of　which　particular　officers　of　court　are　gradually　set　apart　to　enforce　his　commands：　and　when　lawsuits　become　numerous；　a　deputy…judge　is　appointed；　from　whom　the　people　may　expect　more　attention　to　the　dispatch　of　business　than　the　chief　is　usually　inclined　to　bestow。　　　　　Of　this　gradual　progress　in　the　judicial　power　of　a　magistrate；　from　the　period　when　he　is　merely　an　arbiter；　to　that　when　he　is　enabled　to　execute　his　decrees；　and　to　call　parties　before　him；　several　vestiges　are　still　to　be　found　even　in　the　laws　of　polished　nations。　Among　the　Romans；　the　civil　judge　had　no　power　to　determine　a　law…suit；　unless　the　parties　had　previously　referred　the　cause　to　his　decision；　by　a　contract　which　was　called　litis…contestatio。　In　England；　at　this　day；　no　criminal　trial　can　proceed；　until　the　culprit；　by　his　pleading；　has　acknowledged　the　authority　of　the　court。　But　while　these　practices　were　retained；　from　a　superstitious　regard　to　ancient　usage；　a　ridiculous　circuit　was　made；　to　avoid　the　inconveniences　of　which　they　were　manifestly　productive。　At　Rome；　the　plaintiff；　after　having　desired　the　defendant　to　come　voluntarily　into　court；　was；　upon　his　refusal；　permitted　to　drag　him　by　the　throat；（12*）　and　by　the　English　law；　the　defendant；　who　stands　mute；　is　subjected　to　the　peine　fort　et　dure；　a　species　of　torture　intended　to　overcome　the　obstinacy　of　such　as　are　accused　of　atrocious　crimes。　　　　　According　to　the　systems　of　religion　which　have　prevailed　in　the　unenlightened　parts　of　the　world；　mankind　have　imagined　that　the　Supreme　Being　is　endowed　with　passions　and　sentiments　resembling　their　own；　and　that　he　views　the　extraordinary　talents　and　abilities　of　their　leader　with　such　approbation　and　esteem　as　these　qualities　never　fail　to　excite　in　themselves。　The　same　person　whom　they　look　upon　as　the　first　of　mortals；　is　naturally　believed　to　be　the　peculiar　favourite　of　Heaven；　and　is　therefore　regarded　as　the　most　capable　to　intercede　in　their　behalf；　to　explain　the　will　of　the　Deity；　and　to　point　out　the　most　effectual　means　to　avert　his　anger；　or　to　procure　his　favour。　　　　　The　admiration　of　a　military　leader　in　rude　countries；　has　frequently　proceeded　so　far　as　to　produce　a　belief　of　his　being　sprung　from　a　heavenly　original；　and　to　render　him　the　object　of　that　adoration　which　is　due　to　the　Supreme　Being。　　　　　In　some　of　the　American　tribes；　the　chiefs　carry　the　name　of　the　sun；　from　whom　they　are　supposed　to　be　descended；　and　whom　they　are　understood　to　represent　upon　earth。（13*）　The　Incas　of　Peru　derived　themselves；　in　like　manner；　from　the　sun。　In　the　kingdom　of　Loango；　the　prince　is　worshipped　as　a　god　by　his　subjects。　They　give　him　the　name　or　title　usually　bestowed　upon　the　Deity；　and　they　address　him　with　the　utmost　solemnity　for　rain　or　fruitful　seasons。　　　　　The　superstition　of　the　early　Greeks；　in　this　particular；　is　well　known；　which　was　carried　to　such　a　height；　as　enabled　almost　every　family　of　distinction　to　count　kindred　with　some　one　or　other　of　the　celestial　deities。　It　is　in　conformity　to　this　ancient　mythology　that　Racine　has　put　the　following　beautiful　address　into　the　mouth　of　Phedra。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Noble　et　brillant　auteur　d'une　triste　famille；　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Toi；　dont　ma　m鑢e　osoit　se　vanter　d'阾re　fille；　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Qui　peut…阾re　rougis　du　trouble　o？tu　me　vois；　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Soleil；　je　te　viens　voir　pour　la　derni鑢e　fois！　　　　　The　same　principle　has　disposed　men　to　deify　those　heroes　who　have　rendered　themselves　illustrious　by　their　public　spirit；　and　their　eminent　abilities；　to　imagine　that　in　another　state　of　existence　they　retain　their　former　patriotic　sentiments；　and　being　possessed　of　superior　power；　continue；　with　unremitting　vigilance；　to　ward　off　the　misfortunes；　and　to　promote　the　happiness　of　their　people。　　　　　When　such　are　the　prevailing　dispositions　of　a　people；　the　chief　of　a　barbarous　tribe　is　naturally　raised　to　be　their　high　priest；　or　if　he　does　not　himself　exercise　that　office；　he　obtains　at　least　the　direction　and　superintendence　of　their　religious　concerns。　For　some　time　after　the　building　of　Rome；　the　leader　of　each　curia　or　tribe；　is　said　to　have　been　their　chief　ecclesiastical　officer。　A　similar　police　in　this　respect　appears　to　have　been　originally　established　in　the　cities　of　Greece；　and　has　probably　taken　place　among　the　primitive　inhabitants　of　most　countries。　It　may　easily　be　conceived　that　in　ignorant　nations；　guided　by　omens　and　dream；　and　subject　to　all　the　terrors　of　gross　superstition；　this　branch　of　power；　when　added　to　the　conduct　of　war；　and　the　distribution　of　justice；　will　be　an　engine　of　great　consequence　to　the　magistrate；　for　carrying　through　his　measures；　and　for　extending　his　authority。　　　　　As；　in　conducting　the　affairs　of　a　community；　in　the　management　of　what　relates　to　peace　or　war；　and　in　the　administration　of　justice；　various　abuses　are　apt　to　be　committed；　and　many　more　may　still　be　apprehended；　the　people　are　gradually　led；　by　experience　and　observation；　to　introduce　particular　statutes　or　laws；　in　order　to　correct　or　ascertain　their　practice　for　the　future。　Even　this　legislative　power；　by　which　all　the　other　branches　of　government　are　controlled　and　directed；　is　naturally　assumed　by　the　chief；　after　he　has　acquired　considerable　influence　and　authority。　When　the　members　of　his　tribe　have　become　in　a　great　measure　dependent　upon　him　with　regard　to　their　property；　they　are　in　no　condition　to　dispute　his　commands；　or　to　refuse　obedience　to　those　ordinances　which　he　issues　at　pleasure；　in　order　to　model　or　establish　the　constitution　of　the　society。　　　　　From　these　observations　we　may　form　an　idea　of　that　constitution　of　government　which　is　naturally　introduced　among　the　members　of　a　rude　tribe　or　village。　Each　of　the　different　families　of　which　it　is　composed　is　under　the　jurisdiction　of　the　father；　and　the　whole　community　is　subjected　to　a　chief　or　leader；　who　enjoys　a　degree　of　influence　and　authority　according　to　the　superior　abilities　with　which　he　is　endowed；　or　the　wealth　which　he　has　been　enabled　to　acquire。　　　　　The　rudest　form　of　this　government　may　be　discovered　among　the　Indians　of　America。　As　these　people　subsist；　for　the　most　part；　by　hunting　or　fishing；　they　have　no　means　of　obtaining　so　much　wealth　as　will　raise　any　one　person　greatly　a