Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the.world.is.flat >

µÚ16½Ú

the.world.is.flat-µÚ16½Ú

С˵£º the.world.is.flat ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



into¡¡these¡¡two¡¡filling¡¡stations¡¡across¡¡from¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡all¡¡these¡¡black¡¡limos£»¡¡to¡¡
use¡¡the¡¡phones¡£¡¡We¡¡called¡¡up¡¡Morgan¡¡Stanley£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡said£»¡¡'We're¡¡thinking¡¡ofbringing¡¡
it¡¡out¡¡at¡¡31¡£'¡¡I¡¡said£»¡¡'No£»¡¡let's¡¡keep¡¡it¡¡at¡¡28£»'¡¡because¡¡I¡¡wanted¡¡people¡¡to¡¡remember¡¡
it¡¡as¡¡a¡¡20¡¡stock£»¡¡not¡¡a¡¡30¡¡stock£»¡¡just¡¡in¡¡case¡¡it¡¡didn't¡¡go¡¡so¡¡well¡£¡¡So¡¡then¡¡the¡¡
next¡¡morning¡¡I¡¡get¡¡on¡¡the¡¡conference¡¡call¡¡and¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡opened¡¡at¡¡71¡£¡¡It¡¡closed¡¡the¡¡
day¡¡at¡¡56£»¡¡exactly¡¡twice¡¡the¡¡price¡¡I¡¡set¡£¡¨¡¡
Netscape¡¡eventually¡¡fell¡¡victim¡¡to¡¡overwhelming¡¡£¨and£»¡¡the¡¡courts¡¡decided£»¡¡
monopolistic£©¡¡competitive¡¡pressure¡¡from¡¡Microsoft¡£¡¡Microsoft's¡¡decision¡¡to¡¡give¡¡away¡¡
its¡¡browser£»¡¡Internet¡¡Explorer£»¡¡as¡¡part¡¡of¡¡its¡¡dominant¡¡Windows¡¡operating¡¡system£»¡¡
combined¡¡with¡¡its¡¡ability¡¡to¡¡throw¡¡more¡¡programmers¡¡at¡¡Web¡¡browsing¡¡than¡¡Netscape£»¡¡
led¡¡to¡¡the¡¡increasing¡¡slippage¡¡of¡¡Netscape's¡¡market¡¡share¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡end£»¡¡Netscape¡¡was¡¡
sold¡¡for¡¡10¡¡billion¡¡to¡¡AOL£»¡¡which¡¡never¡¡did¡¡much¡¡with¡¡it¡£¡¡But¡¡though¡¡Netscape¡¡may¡¡
64¡¡
have¡¡been¡¡only¡¡a¡¡shooting¡¡star¡¡in¡¡commercial¡¡terms£»¡¡what¡¡a¡¡star¡¡it¡¡was£»¡¡and¡¡what¡¡a¡¡
trail¡¡it¡¡left¡£¡¡
¡¨We¡¡were¡¡profitable¡¡almost¡¡from¡¡the¡¡start£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡Barksdale¡£¡¡¡¨Netscape¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡
dot¡­com¡£¡¡We¡¡did¡¡not¡¡participate¡¡in¡¡the¡¡dot¡­com¡¡bubble¡£¡¡We¡¡started¡¡the¡¡dot¡­com¡¡bubble¡£¡¨¡¡
And¡¡what¡¡a¡¡bubble¡¡it¡¡was¡£¡¡¡¨Netscape¡¡going¡¡public¡¡stimulated¡¡a¡¡lot¡¡of¡¡things£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡
Barksdale¡£¡¡¡¨The¡¡technologists¡¡loved¡¡the¡¡new¡¡technology¡¡things¡¡it¡¡could¡¡do£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡


businesspeople¡¡and¡¡regular¡¡folks¡¡got¡¡excited¡¡about¡¡how¡¡much¡¡money¡¡they¡¡could¡¡make¡£¡¡
People¡¡saw¡¡all¡¡those¡¡young¡¡kids¡¡making¡¡money¡¡out¡¡of¡¡this¡¡and¡¡said£»¡¡'If¡¡those¡¡young¡¡
kids¡¡can¡¡do¡¡this¡¡and¡¡make¡¡all¡¡that¡¡money£»¡¡I¡¡can¡¡too¡£'¡¡Greed¡¡can¡¡be¡¡a¡¡bad¡¡thing¡­folks¡¡
thought¡¡they¡¡could¡¡make¡¡a¡¡lot¡¡of¡¡money¡¡without¡¡a¡¡lot¡¡of¡¡work¡£¡¡It¡¡certainly¡¡led¡¡to¡¡
a¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡overinvestment£»¡¡putting¡¡it¡¡mildly¡£¡¡Every¡¡sillier¡¡and¡¡sillier¡¡idea¡¡got¡¡
funded¡£¡¨¡¡
What¡¡was¡¡it¡¡that¡¡stimulated¡¡investors¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡demand¡¡for¡¡Internet¡¡usage¡¡and¡¡
Internet¡­related¡¡products¡¡would¡¡be¡¡infinite£¿¡¡The¡¡short¡¡answer¡¡is¡¡digitization¡£¡¡Once¡¡
the¡¡PC¡­Windows¡¡revolution¡¡demonstrated¡¡to¡¡everyone¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡being¡¡able¡¡to¡¡digitize¡¡
information¡¡and¡¡manipulate¡¡it¡¡on¡¡computers¡¡and¡¡word¡¡processors£»¡¡and¡¡once¡¡the¡¡browser¡¡
brought¡¡the¡¡Internet¡¡alive¡¡and¡¡made¡¡Web¡¡pages¡¡sing¡¡and¡¡dance¡¡and¡¡display£»¡¡everyone¡¡
wanted¡¡everything¡¡digitized¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡so¡¡they¡¡could¡¡send¡¡it¡¡to¡¡someone¡¡else¡¡
down¡¡the¡¡Internet¡¡pipes¡£¡¡Thus¡¡began¡¡the¡¡digitization¡¡revolution¡£¡¡Digitization¡¡is¡¡that¡¡
magic¡¡process¡¡by¡¡which¡¡words£»¡¡music£»¡¡data£»¡¡films£»¡¡files£»¡¡and¡¡pictures¡¡are¡¡turned¡¡into¡¡
bits¡¡and¡¡bytes¡­combinations¡¡of¡¡Is¡¡and¡¡Os¡­that¡¡can¡¡be¡¡manipulated¡¡on¡¡a¡¡computer¡¡screen£»¡¡
stored¡¡on¡¡a¡¡microprocessor£»¡¡or¡¡transmitted¡¡over¡¡satellites¡¡and¡¡fiber¡­optic¡¡lines¡£¡¡
It¡¡used¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡post¡¡office¡¡was¡¡where¡¡I¡¡went¡¡to¡¡send¡¡my¡¡mail£»¡¡but¡¡once¡¡the¡¡Internet¡¡
came¡¡alive£»¡¡I¡¡wanted¡¡my¡¡mail¡¡digitized¡¡so¡¡I¡¡could¡¡e¡­mail¡¡it¡£¡¡Photography¡¡used¡¡to¡¡be¡¡
a¡¡cumbersome¡¡process¡¡involving¡¡film¡¡coated¡¡with¡¡silver¡¡dug¡¡up¡¡from¡¡mines¡¡halfway¡¡
across¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡I¡¡used¡¡to¡¡take¡¡some¡¡pictures¡¡with¡¡my¡¡camera£»¡¡then¡¡bring¡¡the¡¡film¡¡
to¡¡the¡¡drugstore¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sent¡¡off¡¡to¡¡a¡¡big¡¡plant¡¡somewhere¡¡for¡¡processing¡£¡¡But¡¡once¡¡
the¡¡Internet¡¡made¡¡it¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡send¡¡pictures¡¡around¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡

attached¡¡to¡¡or¡¡in¡¡e¡­mails£»¡¡I¡¡didn't¡¡want¡¡to¡¡use¡¡silver¡¡film¡¡anymore¡£¡¡I¡¡wanted¡¡to¡¡take¡¡
pictures¡¡in¡¡the¡¡digital¡¡format£»¡¡which¡¡could¡¡be¡¡uploaded£»¡¡not¡¡developed¡£¡¡£¨And¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
way£»¡¡I¡¡didn't¡¡want¡¡to¡¡be¡¡confined¡¡to¡¡using¡¡a¡¡camera¡¡to¡¡take¡¡them¡£¡¡I¡¡wanted¡¡to¡¡be¡¡able¡¡
to¡¡use¡¡my¡¡cell¡¡phone¡¡to¡¡do¡¡it¡££©¡¡I¡¡used¡¡to¡¡have¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡Barnes¡¡&¡¡Noble¡¡to¡¡buy¡¡and¡¡
browse¡¡books£»¡¡but¡¡once¡¡the¡¡Internet¡¡came¡¡alive£»¡¡I¡¡wanted¡¡to¡¡browse¡¡for¡¡books¡¡digitally¡¡
on¡¡Amazon¡£com¡¡as¡¡well¡£¡¡I¡¡used¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡the¡¡library¡¡to¡¡do¡¡research£»¡¡but¡¡now¡¡I¡¡wanted¡¡
to¡¡do¡¡it¡¡digitally¡¡through¡¡Google¡¡or¡¡Yahoo£¡£»¡¡not¡¡just¡¡by¡¡roaming¡¡the¡¡stacks¡£¡¡I¡¡used¡¡
to¡¡buy¡¡a¡¡CD¡¡to¡¡listen¡¡to¡¡Simon¡¡and¡¡Garfunkel¡­CDs¡¡had¡¡already¡¡replaced¡¡albums¡¡as¡¡a¡¡
form¡¡of¡¡digitized¡¡music¡­but¡¡once¡¡the¡¡Internet¡¡came¡¡alive£»¡¡I¡¡wanted¡¡those¡¡music¡¡bits¡¡
to¡¡be¡¡even¡¡more¡¡malleable¡¡and¡¡mobile¡£¡¡I¡¡wanted¡¡to¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡download¡¡them¡¡into¡¡an¡¡
iPod¡£¡¡In¡¡recent¡¡years¡¡the¡¡digitization¡¡technology¡¡evolved¡¡so¡¡I¡¡could¡¡do¡¡just¡¡that¡£¡¡
Well£»¡¡as¡¡investors¡¡watched¡¡this¡¡mad¡¡rush¡¡to¡¡digitize¡¡everything£»¡¡they¡¡said¡¡to¡¡
themselves£»¡¡¡¨Holy¡¡cow¡£¡¡If¡¡everyone¡¡wants¡¡all¡¡this¡¡stuff¡¡digitized¡¡and¡¡turned¡¡into¡¡
bits¡¡and¡¡transmitted¡¡over¡¡the¡¡Internet£»¡¡the¡¡demand¡¡for¡¡Web¡¡service¡¡companies¡¡and¡¡the¡¡
demand¡¡for¡¡fiber¡­optic¡¡cables¡¡to¡¡handle¡¡all¡¡this¡¡digitized¡¡stuff¡¡around¡¡the¡¡world¡¡
is¡¡going¡¡to¡¡be¡¡limitless£¡¡¡You¡¡cannot¡¡lose¡¡if¡¡you¡¡invest¡¡in¡¡this£¡¡¨¡¡
And¡¡thus¡¡was¡¡the¡¡bubble¡¡born¡£¡¡
Overinvestment¡¡is¡¡not¡¡necessarily¡¡a¡¡bad¡¡thing¡­provided¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡eventually¡¡
corrected¡£¡¡I'll¡¡always¡¡remember¡¡a¡¡news¡¡conference¡¡that¡¡Microsoft¡¡chairman¡¡Bill¡¡Gates¡¡
held¡¡at¡¡the¡¡1999¡¡World¡¡Economic¡¡Forum¡¡in¡¡Davos£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡height¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tech¡¡bubble¡£¡¡
Over¡¡and¡¡over¡¡again£»¡¡Gates¡¡was¡¡bombarded¡¡by¡¡reporters¡¡with¡¡versions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡question£»¡¡


¡¨Mr¡£¡¡Gates£»¡¡these¡¡Internet¡¡stocks£»¡¡they're¡¡a¡¡bubble£»¡¡right£¿¡¡Surely¡¡they're¡¡a¡¡bubble¡£¡¡
They¡¡must¡¡be¡¡a¡¡bubble£¿¡¨¡¡Finally¡¡an¡¡exasperated¡¡Gates¡¡said¡¡to¡¡the¡¡reporters¡¡something¡¡
to¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡of£»¡¡¡¨Look£»¡¡you¡¡bozos£»¡¡of¡¡course¡¡they're¡¡a¡¡bubble£»¡¡but¡¡you're¡¡all¡¡missing¡¡
the¡¡point¡£¡¡This¡¡bubble¡¡is¡¡attracting¡¡so¡¡much¡¡new¡¡capital¡¡to¡¡this¡¡Internet¡¡industry£»¡¡
it¡¡is¡¡going¡¡to¡¡drive¡¡innovation¡¡faster¡¡and¡¡faster¡£¡¨¡¡Gates¡¡compared¡¡the¡¡Internet¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡gold¡¡rush£»¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡being¡¡that¡¡more¡¡money¡¡was¡¡made¡¡selling¡¡Levi's£»¡¡picks£»¡¡shovels£»¡¡
and¡¡hotel¡¡rooms¡¡to¡¡the¡¡gold¡¡diggers¡¡than¡¡from¡¡digging¡¡up¡¡gold¡¡from¡¡the¡¡earth¡£¡¡Gates¡¡
was¡¡right£º¡¡Booms¡¡and¡¡bubbles¡¡may¡¡be¡¡economically¡¡dangerous£»¡¡they¡¡may¡¡end¡¡up¡¡with¡¡many¡¡
people¡¡losing¡¡money¡¡and¡¡a¡¡lot¡¡of¡¡companies¡¡
66¡¡
going¡¡bankrupt¡£¡¡But¡¡they¡¡also¡¡often¡¡do¡¡drive¡¡innovation¡¡faster¡¡and¡¡faster£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡
sheer¡¡overcapacity¡¡that¡¡they¡¡spur¡­whether¡¡it¡¡is¡¡in¡¡railroad¡¡lines¡¡or¡¡automobiles¡­can¡¡
create¡¡its¡¡own¡¡unintended¡¡positive¡¡consequences¡£¡¡
That¡¡is¡¡what¡¡happened¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Internet¡¡stock¡¡boom¡£¡¡It¡¡sparked¡¡a¡¡huge¡¡overinvestment¡¡
in¡¡fiber¡­optic¡¡cable¡¡companies£»¡¡which¡¡then¡¡laid¡¡massive¡¡amounts¡¡of¡¡fiber¡­optic¡¡cable¡¡
on¡¡land¡¡and¡¡under¡¡the¡¡oceans£»¡¡which¡¡dramatically¡¡drove¡¡down¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡making¡¡a¡¡phone¡¡
call¡¡or¡¡transmitting¡¡data¡¡anywhere¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡
The¡¡first¡¡commercial¡¡installation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡fiber¡­optic¡¡system¡¡was¡¡in¡¡1977£»¡¡after¡¡which¡¡
fiber¡¡slowly¡¡began¡¡to¡¡replace¡¡copper¡¡telephone¡¡wires£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡could¡¡carry¡¡data¡¡
and¡¡digitized¡¡voices¡¡much¡¡farther¡¡and¡¡faster¡¡in¡¡larger¡¡quantities¡£¡¡According¡¡to¡¡
Howstuffworks¡£com£»¡¡fiber¡¡optics¡¡are¡¡made¡¡up¡¡of¡¡strands¡¡of¡¡optically¡¡pure¡¡glass¡¡each¡¡
¡¨as¡¡thin¡¡as¡¡a¡¡human¡¡hair£»¡¨¡¡which¡¡are¡¡arranged¡¡in¡¡bundles£»¡¡called¡¡¡¨optical¡¡cables£»¡¨¡¡
to¡¡carry¡¡digitized¡¡packets¡¡of¡¡information¡¡over¡¡long¡¡distances¡£¡¡Because¡¡these¡¡optical¡¡
fibers¡¡are¡¡so¡¡much¡¡thinner¡¡than¡¡copper¡¡wires£»¡¡more¡¡fibers¡¡can¡¡be¡¡bundled¡¡into¡¡a¡¡given¡¡
diameter¡¡of¡¡cable¡¡than¡¡can¡¡copper¡¡wires£»¡¡which¡¡means¡¡that¡¡much¡¡more¡¡data¡¡or¡¡many¡¡more¡¡
voices¡¡can¡¡be¡¡sent¡¡over¡¡the¡¡same¡¡cable¡¡at¡¡a¡¡lower¡¡cost¡£¡¡The¡¡most¡¡important¡¡benefit¡¡
of¡¡fiber£»¡¡though£»¡¡derives¡¡from¡¡the¡¡dramatically¡¡higher¡¡bandwidth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡signals¡¡it¡¡
can¡¡transport¡¡over¡¡long¡¡distances¡£¡¡Copper¡¡wires¡¡can¡¡carry¡¡very¡¡high¡¡frequencies¡¡too£»¡¡
but¡¡only¡¡for¡¡a¡¡few¡¡feet¡¡before¡¡the¡¡signal¡¡starts¡¡to¡¡degrade¡¡in¡¡strength¡¡due¡¡to¡¡certain¡¡
parasitic¡¡effects¡£¡¡Optical¡¡fibers£»¡¡by¡¡contrast£»¡¡can¡¡carry¡¡very¡¡high¡­frequency¡¡optical¡¡
pulses¡¡on¡¡the¡¡same¡¡individual¡¡fiber¡¡without¡¡substantial¡¡signal¡¡degradation¡¡for¡¡many£»¡¡
many¡¡miles¡£¡¡
The¡¡way¡¡fiber¡­optic¡¡cables¡¡work£»¡¡explains¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡manufacturers£»¡¡ARC¡¡Electronics£»¡¡
on¡¡its¡¡Web¡¡site£»¡¡is¡¡by¡¡converting¡¡data¡¡or¡¡voices¡¡into¡¡light¡¡pulses¡¡and¡¡then¡¡
transmitting¡¡them¡¡down¡¡fiber¡¡lines£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡using¡¡electronic¡¡pulses¡¡to¡¡transmit¡¡
information¡¡down¡¡copper¡¡lines¡£¡¡At¡¡one¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fiber¡­optic¡¡system¡¡is¡¡a¡¡transmitter¡£¡¡
The¡¡transmitter¡¡accepts¡¡coded¡¡electronic¡¡pulse¡¡information¡­words¡¡or¡¡data¡­coming¡¡from¡¡
copper¡¡wire¡¡out¡¡of¡¡your¡¡home¡¡telephone¡¡or¡¡office¡¡computer¡£¡¡The¡¡transmitter¡¡then¡¡
processes¡¡and¡¡translates¡¡those¡¡digitized£»¡¡electronically¡¡coded¡¡words¡¡or¡¡data¡¡into¡¡
equivalently¡¡coded¡¡light¡¡pulses¡£¡¡A¡¡light¡­emitting¡¡diode¡¡£¨LED£©¡¡
67¡¡
or¡¡an¡¡injection¡­laser¡¡diode¡¡£¨ILD£©¡¡can¡¡be¡¡used¡¡to¡¡generate¡¡the¡¡light¡¡pulses£»¡¡which¡¡
are¡¡then¡¡funneled¡¡down¡¡the¡¡fiber¡­optic¡¡cable¡£¡¡The¡¡cable¡¡functions¡¡as¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡light¡¡
guide£»¡¡guiding¡¡the¡¡light¡¡pulses¡¡introduced¡¡at¡¡one¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cable¡¡through¡¡to¡¡the¡¡


other¡¡end£»¡¡where¡¡a¡¡light¡­sensitive¡¡receiver¡¡converts¡¡the¡¡pulses¡¡back¡¡into¡¡the¡¡
electronic¡¡digital¡¡Is¡¡and¡¡Os¡¡of¡¡the¡¡original¡¡signal£»¡¡so¡¡they¡¡can¡¡then¡¡show¡¡up¡¡on¡¡your¡¡
computer¡¡screen¡¡as¡¡e¡­mail¡¡or¡¡in¡¡your¡¡cell¡¡phone¡¡as¡¡a¡¡voice¡£¡¡Fiber¡­optic¡¡cable¡¡is¡¡also¡¡
ideal¡¡for¡¡secure¡¡communications£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡is¡¡very¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡tap¡£¡¡
It¡¡was¡¡actually¡¡the¡¡coincidence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dot¡­com¡¡boom¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Telecommunications¡¡Act¡¡
of¡¡1996¡¡that¡¡launched¡¡the¡¡fiber¡­optic¡¡bubble¡£¡¡The¡¡act¡¡allowed¡¡local¡¡and¡¡long¡­distance¡¡
companies¡¡to¡¡get¡¡into¡¡each¡¡other's¡¡businesses£»¡¡and¡¡enabled¡¡all¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡new¡¡local¡¡
exchange¡¡carriers¡¡to¡¡compete¡¡head¡­to¡­head¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Baby¡¡Bells¡¡and¡¡AT&T¡¡in¡¡providing¡¡
both¡¡phone¡¡services¡¡and¡¡infrastructure¡£¡¡As¡¡these¡¡new¡¡phone¡¡companies¡¡came¡¡online£»¡¡
offering¡¡their¡¡own¡¡local£»¡¡long¡­distance£»¡¡international£»¡¡data£»¡¡and¡¡Internet¡¡services£»¡¡
each¡¡soughtto¡¡have¡¡its¡¡own¡¡infrastructure¡£¡¡And¡¡why¡¡not£¿The¡¡Internet¡¡boom¡¡led¡¡everyone¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ