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The Life of Thomas Telford by Smiles
by Samuel Smiles
〃Let us travel； and wherever we find no facility for
travelling from a city to a town； from a village to a
hamlet； we may pronounce the people to be barbarous〃
Abbe Raynal
〃The opening up of the internal communications of a
country is undoubtedly the first and most important
element of its growth in commerce and civilization〃
Richard Cobden
CONTENTS
Preface
EARLY ROADS AND MODES OF TRAVELLING
CHAPTER I。 Old Roads
Roads as agents of civilization
Their important uses
Ancient British trackways or ridgeways
The Romans and their roads in Britain
Decay of the Roman roads
Early legislation relating to highways
Roads near London
The Weald of Kent
Great Western roads
Hollow ways or lanes
Roads on Dartmoor
in Sussex
at Kensington
CHAPTER II。 Early Modes of Conveyance
Riding on horseback the ancient mode of traveling
Shakespear's description of travelling in 'Henry IV。'
Queen Elizabeth and her coach
Introduction of coaches or waggons
Painful journeys by coach
Carriers in reign of James I
Great north Road in reign of Charles I
Mace's description of roads and travellers stage…coaches introduced
Sobriere's account of the Dover stage…coach
Thoresby's account of stage…coaches and travelling
Roads and travelling in North Wales
Proposal to suppres stage…coaches
Tediousness and discomforts of travelling by coach
Pennant's account of the Chester and London stage
Travelling on horseback preferred
The night coach
Highway robbers and foot…pads
Methods of transport of the merchandize pack…horse convoys
Traffic between lancashire and Yorkshire
Signs of the pack…horse
CHAPTER III。 Influence of Roads on Society
Restricted intercourse between districts
Local dialects and customs thereby preserved
Camden's fear of travelling into the barbarous regions of the North
Rev。 Mr Brome's travels in England
Old Leisure
Imperfect postal communication
Hawkers and pedlars
Laying in stores for winter
Household occupations
Great fairs of ancient times
Local fairs
Fair on Dartmoor
Primitive manners of Dartmoor District
CHAPTER IV。 Roads in Scotland last centuary
Poverty of Scotland
Backwardness of agriculture
Idleness of the people
Andrew Flecher's description of Scotland
Slavery of colliers and salters
Improvements in agriculture opposed
Low wages of the labouring population
State of the Lothians and Ayrshire
Wretched states of the roads
Difficulty of communication between districts
Coach started between Edinburgh and Glasgow
Carrier's perils between Edinburgh and Selkirk
Dangers of travelling in Galloway
Lawlessness of the Highlands
Picking and lifting of cattle
Ferocity of population on the Highland Border
Ancient civilization of Scotland
CHAPTER V。 Travelling in England last century
Progress made in travelling by coach
Fast coaches established
Bad state of the roads
Foreigners' accounts of travelling in England
Herr Moritz's journey by the basket coach
Arthur Young's description of English roads
Palmer's mail coaches introduced
The first 'Turnpike' roads
Turnpike riots
The rebellion of 1745
Passing of numerous highway Acts
Road…making thought beneath the dignity of the engineer
CHAPTER VI。 John Metcalf； road…maker。
Metcalf's boyhood
His blindness
His boldness
Becomes a Musician
His travels
Journey on foot from London to Harrogate
Joins the army as musician in the rebellion of 1745
Adventures in Scotland
Becomes travelling merchant and horse dealer
Begins road…making
Builds a bridge
His extensive road contracts in Yorkshire and Lancashire
Manner of aking his surveys
His skill in road…making
His last roadhis death
Roads in the south of England
Want of roads on Lincoln Heath
Land lighthouses
Dunstan pillar
Rapid improvement in the roads
Application of steam
Sydney Smith on improved facilities of communication
THE LIFE OF THOMAS TELFORD
CHAPTER I。 Eskdale。
Eskdale
Langholm
Former lawlessness of the Border population
Jonnie armstrong
Border energy
Westerkirk
Telford's birthplace
Glendinning
Valley of the Meggat
The 'unblameable shepherd'
Telford's mother
Early years
Laughing Tam
Put to school
His school…fellows
CHAPTER II。 LangholmTelford a Stonemason
Telford apprenticed to a stonemason
Runs away
Re…apprenticed to a mason at Langholm
Building operations in the district
Miss Pasley lends books to young Telford
Attempt to write poetry
Becomes village letter…writer
Works as a journeyman mason
Employed on Langholm Bridge
Manse of Westerkirk
Poem of 'Eskdale'
Hews headstones and doorheads
Works as a mason at Edinburgh
Study of architecture
Revisits Eskdale
His ride to London
CHAPTER III。 Arrives in London
Telford a working man in London
Obtains employment as a mason at
Somerset House
Correspondence with Eskdale friends
Observations on his fellow…workman
Propses to begin business； but wants money
Mr。 Pulteney
Becomes foreman of builders at Portsmouth Dockyard
Continues to write poetry
Employment of his time
Prints letters to his mother
CHAPTER IV。 Becomes Surveyor for the County of Salop
Superintends repairs of Shrewsbury Castle
Appointed Surveyor for County of Salop
Superintends erection of new gaol
Interview with John Howard
His studies in science and literature
Poetical exercises
Fall of St。 Chad's Church； Shrewsburg
Discovery of the Roman city of Uriconium
Overseer of felons
Mrs。 Jordan at Shrewsbury
Telford's indifference to music
Politics； Paine's 'Rights of Man'
Reprints his poem of 'Eskdale'
CHAPTER V。 Telford's First Employment as an Engineer
Advantages of mechanical training to an engineer
Erects Montford Bridge
Erects St。 Mary Magdalen Church； Bridgenorth
Telford's design
Architectural tour
Bath
Studies in British Museum
Oxford
Birmingham
Study of architecture
Appointed Engineer to the Ellesmere Canal
CHAPTER VI。 The Ellesmere Canal
Course of the Ellesmire Canal
Success of the early canals
The Act obtained and working survey made
Chirk Aqueduct
Pont…Cysylltau Aqueduct；
Telford's hollow walls
His cast iron trough at Pont…Cysylltau
The canal works completed
Revists Eskdale
Early impressions corrected
Tours in Wales
Conduct of Ellesmere Canal navigation
His literary studies and compositions
CHAPTER VII。 Iron and other Bridges
Use of iron in bridge…building
Design of a Lyons architect
First iron bridge erected at Coalbrookdale
Tom paine's iron bridge
Wear iron bridge； Sunderland
Telford's iron bridge at Buildwas
His iron lock…gates and turn…bridges
Projects a one…arched bridge of iron over the Thames
Bewdley stone bridge
Tougueland Bridge
Extension of Telford's engineering buisness
Literary friendships
Thomas Campbell
Miscellaneous reading
CHAPTER VIII。 Higland Roads and Bridges
Progress of Scotch agriculture
Romilly's account
State of the Highlands
Want of roads
Use of the Cas…chrom
Emigration
Telford's survey of Scotland
Lord Cockburn's account of the difficulties of travelling
the North Circuit
Parliamentary Commission of Highland Roads and Bridges appointed
Dunkeld Bridge built
920 miles of new roads constucted
Craigellachie Bridge
Travelling facilitated
Agriculture improved
Moral results of Telford's Highland contracts
Rapid progress of the Lowlands
Results of parish schools
CHAPTER IX。 Telford's Scotch Harbours
Highland harbours
Wick and Pulteney Town
Columnar pier work
Peterhead Harbour
Frazerburgh Harbour
Bannf Harbour
Old history of Aberdeen； its witch…burning and slave…trading
Improvements of its harbour
Telford's design carried out
Dundee Harbour
CHAPTER X。 Caledonian and other Canals
Canal projected through the Great Glen of the Highlands
Survey by James Watt
Survey by Telford
Tide…basin at Corpach
Neptune's Staircase
Dock at Clachnaharry
The chain of lochs
Construction of the works
Commercial failure of the canal
Telford's disappointment
Glasgow and Ardrossan Canal
Weaver Navigation
Gotha Canal； Sweden
Gloucester and Berkeley； and other canals
Harecastle Tunnel
Birmingham Canal
Macclesfield Canal
Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal
Telford's pride in his canals
CHAPTER XI。 Telford as a road…maker
Increase of road…traffic
Improvement of the main routes between the principal towns
Carlisle and Glasgow road
Telford's principles of road…construction
Macadam
Cartland Crags Bridge
Improvement of the London and Edinb
