the quaker colonies-第6节

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oubt　due　to　both。　But　the　obvious　advantages　of　Penn's　charter　over　the　mixed　and　troublesome　governmental　conditions　in　the　Jerseys；　Penn's　personal　fame　and　the　repute　of　the　Quakers　for　liberalism　then　at　its　zenith；　and　the　wide　advertising　given　to　their　ideas　and　Penn's；　on　the　continent　of　Europe　as　well　as　in　England；　seem　to　have　been　the　reasons　why　more　people；　and　many　besides　Quakers；　came　to　take　advantage　of　that　fertile　soil。

The　first　great　increase　of　alien　population　came　from　Germany；　which　was　still　in　a　state　of　religious　turmoil；　disunion；　and　depression　from　the　results　of　the　Reformation　and　the　Thirty　Years'　War。　The　reaction　from　dogma　in　Germany　had　produced　a　multitude　of　sects；　all　yearning　for　greater　liberty　and　prosperity　than　they　had　at　home。　Penn　and　other　Quakers　had　made　missionary　tours　in　Germany　and　had　preached　to　the　people。　The　Germans　do　not　appear　to　have　been　asked　to　come　to　the　Jerseys。　But　they　were　urged　to　come　to　Pennsylvania　as　soon　as　the　charter　was　obtained；　and　many　of　them　made　an　immediate　response。　The　German　mind　was　then　at　the　height　of　its　emotional　unrestraint。　It　was　as　unaccustomed　to　liberty　of　thought　as　to　political　liberty　and　it　produced　a　new　sect　or　religious　distinction　almost　every　day。　Many　of　these　sects　came　to　Pennsylvania；　where　new　small　religious　bodies　sprang　up　among　them　after　their　arrival。　Schwenkfelders；　Tunkers；　Labadists；　New　Born；　New　Mooners；　Separatists；　Zion's　Brueder；　Ronsdorfer；　Inspired；　Quietists；　Gichtelians；　Depellians；　Mountain　Men；　River　Brethren；　Brinser　Brethren；　and　the　Society　of　the　Woman　in　the　Wilderness；　are　names　which　occur　in　the　annals　of　the　province。　But　these　are　only　a　few。　In　Lancaster　County　alone　the　number　has　at　different　times　been　estimated　at　from　twenty　to　thirty。　It　would　probably　be　impossible　to　make　a　complete　list；　some　of　them；　indeed；　existed　for　only　a　few　years。　Their　own　writers　describe　them　as　countless　and　bewildering。　Many　of　them　were　characterized　by　the　strangest　sort　of　German　mysticism；　and　some　of　them　were　inclined　to　monastic　and　hermit　life　and　their　devotees　often　lived　in　caves　or　solitary　huts　in　the　woods。

It　would　hardly　be　accurate　to　call　all　the　German　sects　Quakers；　since　a　great　deal　of　their　mysticism　would　have　been　anything　but　congenial　to　the　followers　of　Fox　and　Penn。　Resemblances　to　Quaker　doctrine　can；　however；　be　found　among　many　of　them；　and　there　was　one　large　sect；　the　Mennonites；　who　were　often　spoken　of　as　German　Quakers。　The　two　divisions　fraternized　and　preached　in　each　other's　meetings。　The　Mennonites　were　well　educated　as　a　class　and　Pastorius；　their　leader；　was　a　ponderously　learned　German。　Most　of　the　German　sects　left　the　Quakers　in　undisturbed　possession　of　Philadelphia；　and　spread　out　into　the　surrounding　region；　which　was　then　a　wilderness。　They　and　all　the　other　Germans　who　afterwards　followed　them　settled　in　a　half　circle　beginning　at　Easton　on　the　Delaware；　passing　up　the　Lehigh　Valley　into　Lancaster　County；　thence　across　the　Susquehanna　and　down　the　Cumberland　Valley　to　the　Maryland　border；　which　many　of　them　crossed；　and　in　time　scattered　far　to　the　south　in　Virginia　and　even　North　Carolina；　where　their　descendants　are　still　found。

These　German　sects　which　came　over　under　the　influence　of　Penn　and　the　Quakers；　between　the　years　1682　and　1702；　formed　a　class　by　themselves。　Though　they　may　be　regarded　as　peculiar　in　their　ideas　and　often　in　their　manner　of　life；　it　cannot　be　denied　that　as　a　class　they　were　a　well…educated；　thrifty；　and　excellent　people　and　far　superior　to　the　rough　German　peasants　who　followed　them　in　later　years。　This　latter　class　was　often　spoken　of　in　Pennsylvania　as　〃the　church　people；〃　to　distinguish　them　from　〃the　sects；〃　as　those　of　the　earlier　migration　were　called。

The　church　people；　or　peasantry　of　the　later　migration；　belonged　usually　to　one　of　the　two　dominant　churches　of　Germany；　the　Lutheran　or　the　Reformed。　Those　of　the　Reformed　Church　were　often　spoken　of　as　Calvinists。　This　migration　of　the　church　people　was　not　due　to　the　example　of　the　Quakers　but　was　the　result　of　a　new　policy　which　was　adopted　by　the　British　Government　when　Queen　Anne　ascended　the　throne　in　1702；　and　which　aimed　at　keeping　the　English　people　at　home　and　at　filling　the　English　colonies　in　America　with　foreign　Protestants　hostile　to　France　and　Spain。

Large　numbers　of　these　immigrants　were　〃redemptioners；〃　as　they　were　called；　that　is　to　say；　they　were　persons　who　had　been　obliged　to　sell　themselves　to　the　shipping　agents　to　pay　for　their　passage。　On　their　arrival　in　Pennsylvania　the　captain　sold　them　to　the　colonists　to　pay　the　passage；　and　the　redemptioner　had　to　work　for　his　owner　for　a　period　varying　from　five　to　ten　years。　No　stigma　or　disgrace　clung　to　any　of　these　people　under　this　system。　It　was　regarded　as　a　necessary　business　transaction。　Not　a　few　of　the　very　respectable　families　of　the　State　and　some　of　its　prominent　men　are　known　to　be　descended　from　redemptioners。

This　method　of　transporting　colonists　proved　a　profitable　trade　for　the　shipping　people；　and　was　soon　regularly　organized　like　the　modern　assisted　immigration。　Agents；　called　〃newlanders〃　and　〃soul…sellers；〃　traveled　through　Germany　working　up　the　transatlantic　traffic　by　various　devices；　some　of　them　not　altogether　creditable。　Pennsylvania　proved　to　be　the　most　attractive　region　for　these　immigrants。　Some　of　those　who　were　taken　to　other　colonies　finally　worked　their　way　to　Pennsylvania。　Practically　none　went　to　New　England；　and　very　few；　if　any；　to　Virginia。　Indeed；　only　certain　colonies　were　willing　to　admit　them。

Another　important　element　that　went　to　make　up　the　Pennsylvania　population　consisted　of　the　Scotch…Irish。　They　were　descendants　of　Scotch　and　English　Presbyterians　who　had　gone　to　Ireland　to　take　up　the　estates　of　the　Irish　rebels　confiscated　under　Queen　Elizabeth　and　James　I。　This　migration　of　Protestants　to　Ireland；　which　began　soon　after　1600；　was　encouraged　by　the　English　Government。　Towards　the　middle　of　the　seventeenth　century　the　confiscation　of　more　Irish　land　under　Cromwell's　regime　increased　the　migration　to　Ulster。　Many　English　joined　the　migration；　and　Scotch　of　the　Lowlands　who　were　largely　of　English　extraction；　although　there　were　many　Gaelic　or　Celtic　names　among　them。

These　are　the　people　usually　known　in　English　history　as　Ulstermenthe　same　who　made　such　a　heroic　defense　of　Londonderry　against　James　II；　and　the　same　who　in　modern　times　have　resisted　home　rule　in　Ireland　because　it　would　bury　them；　they　believe；　under　the　tyranny　of　their　old　enemies；　the　native　Irish　Catholic　majority。　They　were　more　thrifty　and　industrious　than　the　native　Irish　and　as　a　result　they　usually　prospered　on　the　Irish　land。　At　first　they　were　in　a　more　or　less　constant　state　of　war　with　the　native　Irish；　who　attempted　to　expel　them。　They　were　subsequently　persecuted　by　the　Church　of　England　under　Charles　I；　who　attempted　to　force　them　to　conform　to　the　English　established　religion。　Such　a　rugged　schooling　in　Ireland　made　of　them　a　very　aggressive；　hardy　people；　Protestants　of　the　Protestants；　so　accustomed　to　contests　and　warfare　that　they　accepted　it　as　the　natural　state　of　man。

These　Ulstermen　came　to　Pennsylvania　somewhat　later　than　the　first　German　sects；　and　not　many　of　them　arrived　until　some　years　after　1700。　They　were　not；　like　the　first　Germans；　attracted　to　the　colony　by　any　resemblance　of　their　religion　to　that　of　the　Quakers。　On　the　contrary　they　were　entirely　out　of　sympathy　with　the　Quakers；　except　in　the　one　point　of　religious　liberty；　and　the　Quakers　were　certainly　out　of　sympathy　with　them。　Nearly　all　the　colonies　in　America　received　a　share　of　these　settlers。　Wherever　they　went　they　usually　sought　the　frontier　and　the　wilderness；　and　by　the　time　of　the　Revolution；　they　could　be　found　upon　the　whole　colonial　frontier　from　New　Hampshire　to　Georgia。　They　were　quite　numerous　in　Virginia；　and　most　numerous　along　the　edge　of　the　Pennsylvania　wilderness。　It　was　apparently　the　liberal　laws　and　the　fertile　soil　that　drew　them　to　Pennsylvania　in　spite　of　their　contempt　for　most　of　the　Quaker　doctrines。

The　dream　of　their　life；　their　haven　of　rest；　was　for　these　Scotch…Irish　a　fertile　soil　where　they　would　find　neither　Irish　〃papists〃　nor　Church　of　England；　and　for　this　reason　in　America　they　always　sought　the　frontier　where　they　could　be　by　themselves。　They　could　not　even　get　on　well　with　the　Germans　in　Pennsylvania；　and　when　the　Germans　crowded　into　their　frontier　settlements；　quarrels　became　so　frequent　that　the　proprietors　asked　the　Ulstermen　to　move　farther　west；　a　suggestion　which　they　were　usually　quite　willing　to　accept。　At　the　close　of　the　colonial　period　in　Pennsylvania　the　Quakers；　the　Church　of　England　people；　and　the　miscellaneous　denominations　occupied　Philadelphia　and　the　region　round　it　in　a　half　circle　from　the　Delaware　River。　Outside　of　this　area　lay　another　containing　the　Germans；　and　beyond　that　were　the　Scotch…Irish。　The　principal　stronghold　of　the　Scotch…Irish　was　the　Cumberland　Valley　in　Southern　Pennsylvania　west　of　the　Susquehanna；　a　region　now　containing　the　flourishing　towns　of　Chambersburg；　Gettysburg；　Ca