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The¡¡second¡¡fact¡¡of¡¡difference¡¡is¡¡that¡¡while¡¡the¡¡earlier¡¡lectures¡¡have¡¡dealt¡¡with¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version£»¡¡this¡¡must¡¡deal¡¡rather¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Bible¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡Bible¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡many¡¡versions£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡but¡¡one¡¡Bible¡£¡¡Whatever¡¡the¡¡translators¡¡put¡¡into¡¡the¡¡various¡¡tongues£»¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡itself¡¡remains¡¡the¡¡same¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡values¡¡in¡¡the¡¡new¡¡versions£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡simply¡¡the¡¡old¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡itself¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡familiar¡¡maxim¡¡that¡¡the¡¡newest¡¡version¡¡is¡¡the¡¡oldest¡¡Bible¡£¡¡We¡¡are¡¡not¡¡making¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡up¡¡to¡¡date¡¡when¡¡we¡¡make¡¡a¡¡new¡¡version£»¡¡we¡¡are¡¡only¡¡getting¡¡back¡¡to¡¡its¡¡date¡£¡¡A¡¡revision¡¡in¡¡our¡¡day¡¡is¡¡the¡¡effort¡¡to¡¡take¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡original¡¡writings¡¡what¡¡men¡¡of¡¡King¡¡James's¡¡day¡¡may¡¡have¡¡put¡¡in£»¡¡and¡¡give¡¡them¡¡so¡¡much¡¡the¡¡better¡¡chance¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡revised¡¡Bible£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡only¡¡a¡¡revised¡¡version¡£¡¡Readers¡¡sometimes¡¡feel¡¡disturbed¡¡at¡¡what¡¡they¡¡consider¡¡the¡¡changes¡¡made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Bible¡£¡¡The¡¡fact¡¡is£»¡¡the¡¡revision¡¡which¡¡deserves¡¡the¡¡name¡¡is¡¡lessening¡¡the¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Bible£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡giving¡¡us¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡as¡¡it¡¡actually¡¡was¡¡and¡¡taking¡¡from¡¡us¡¡elements¡¡which¡¡were¡¡not¡¡part¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡One¡¡can¡¡sympathize¡¡with¡¡the¡¡eloquent¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Storrs£»¡¡who¡¡declared£»¡¡in¡¡an¡¡address¡¡in¡¡1879£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡against¡¡any¡¡new¡¡version¡¡because¡¡of¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version£»¡¡describing¡¡it¡¡as¡¡a¡¡great¡¡oak¡¡with¡¡roots¡¡running¡¡deep¡¡and¡¡branches¡¡spreading¡¡wide¡£¡¡He¡¡declared¡¡we¡¡were¡¡not¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡give¡¡it¡¡up¡¡for¡¡any¡¡modern¡¡tulip¡­tree¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡something¡¡in¡¡that£»¡¡though¡¡such¡¡figures¡¡are¡¡not¡¡always¡¡good¡¡argument¡£¡¡Yet¡¡the¡¡value¡¡to¡¡any¡¡book¡¡of¡¡a¡¡worthy¡¡translation¡¡is¡¡beyond¡¡calculation¡£¡¡The¡¡outstanding¡¡literary¡¡illustration¡¡of¡¡that¡¡fact¡¡is¡¡familiar¡£¡¡The¡¡Rubaiyat¡¡of¡¡Omar¡¡Khayyam¡¡lay¡¡in¡¡Persian¡¡literature¡¡and¡¡in¡¡different¡¡English¡¡translations¡¡long¡¡before¡¡Fitzgerald¡¡made¡¡it¡¡a¡¡household¡¡classic¡¡for¡¡literary¡¡people¡£¡¡The¡¡translator¡¡made¡¡the¡¡book¡¡for¡¡us¡¡in¡¡more¡¡marked¡¡way¡¡than¡¡the¡¡original¡¡writer¡¡did¡£¡¡In¡¡somewhat¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡¡gave¡¡to¡¡the¡¡English¡­speaking¡¡people¡¡the¡¡Bible£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡other¡¡version¡¡has¡¡taken¡¡its¡¡place¡£

Yet¡¡that¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡mistaken¡¡move¡¡nearly¡¡forty¡¡years¡¡ago£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡revision¡¡of¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡¡was¡¡proposed¡¡and¡¡undertaken¡£¡¡Thirty¡¡years¡¡ago¡¡£¨1881£©¡¡it¡¡was¡¡completed¡¡in¡¡what¡¡we¡¡ordinarily¡¡call¡¡the¡¡Revised¡¡Version£»¡¡and¡¡ten¡¡years¡¡ago¡¡£¨1901£©¡¡the¡¡American¡¡form¡¡of¡¡that¡¡Revised¡¡Version¡¡appeared¡£¡¡Few¡¡things¡¡could¡¡more¡¡definitely¡¡prove¡¡the¡¡accepted¡¡place¡¡of¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡¡than¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡we¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡hear¡¡less¡¡to¡­day¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revised¡¡Version¡¡than¡¡we¡¡used¡¡to¡¡hear£»¡¡and¡¡that£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡American¡¡Revised¡¡Version¡¡is¡¡incomparably¡¡the¡¡best¡¡in¡¡existence¡¡in¡¡its¡¡reproduction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡original£»¡¡even¡¡it¡¡makes¡¡way¡¡slowly¡£¡¡In¡¡less¡¡than¡¡forty¡¡years¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡¡crowded¡¡all¡¡its¡¡competitors¡¡off¡¡the¡¡field¡£¡¡The¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revised¡¡Version¡¡of¡¡1881¡¡has¡¡not¡¡appreciably¡¡affected¡¡the¡¡sales¡¡or¡¡the¡¡demand¡¡for¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡minds¡¡of¡¡most¡¡people¡¡the¡¡English¡¡and¡¡the¡¡American¡¡revisions¡¡stand¡¡as¡¡admirable¡¡commentaries¡¡on¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡£¡¡If¡¡one¡¡wishes¡¡to¡¡know¡¡wherein¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡¡failed¡¡of¡¡representing¡¡the¡¡original£»¡¡he¡¡will¡¡learn¡¡it¡¡better¡¡from¡¡those¡¡versions¡¡than¡¡from¡¡any¡¡number¡¡of¡¡commentaries£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡those¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡one¡¡or¡¡other¡¡of¡¡the¡¡versions¡¡has¡¡supplanted¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡¡is¡¡not¡¡so¡¡large¡¡as¡¡might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡expected¡£

There¡¡were¡¡several¡¡reasons¡¡for¡¡a¡¡new¡¡English¡¡version¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡£¡¡It¡¡was£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡no¡¡indignity¡¡to¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡£¡¡Those¡¡translators¡¡frankly¡¡said¡¡that¡¡they¡¡had¡¡no¡¡hope¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡final¡¡version¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Scriptures¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡be¡¡very¡¡strange¡¡if¡¡in¡¡three¡¡hundred¡¡years¡¡language¡¡should¡¡not¡¡have¡¡grown¡¡by¡¡reason¡¡of¡¡the¡¡necessities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡race¡¡that¡¡used¡¡it£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡at¡¡some¡¡points¡¡a¡¡book¡¡might¡¡be¡¡outgrown¡£¡¡In¡¡another¡¡lecture¡¡it¡¡has¡¡been¡¡intimated¡¡that¡¡the¡¡English¡¡Bible£»¡¡by¡¡reason¡¡of¡¡its¡¡constant¡¡use£»¡¡has¡¡tended¡¡to¡¡fix¡¡and¡¡confirm¡¡the¡¡English¡¡language¡£¡¡But¡¡no¡¡one¡¡book£»¡¡nor¡¡any¡¡set¡¡of¡¡books£»¡¡could¡¡confine¡¡a¡¡living¡¡tongue¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡reasons¡¡for¡¡a¡¡new¡¡version¡¡which¡¡give¡¡value¡¡to¡¡these¡¡two¡¡revisions¡¡may¡¡be¡¡mentioned¡£

1¡£¡¡Though¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡¡was¡¡made¡¡just¡¡after¡¡the¡¡literary¡¡renaissance£»¡¡the¡¡classical¡¡learning¡¡of¡¡to¡­day¡¡is¡¡far¡¡in¡¡advance¡¡of¡¡that¡¡day¡£¡¡The¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡¡is¡¡occasionally¡¡defective¡¡in¡¡its¡¡use¡¡of¡¡tenses¡¡and¡¡verbs¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡and¡¡also¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Hebrew¡£¡¡We¡¡have¡¡Greek¡¡and¡¡Hebrew¡¡scholars¡¡who¡¡are¡¡able¡¡more¡¡exactly¡¡to¡¡reproduce¡¡in¡¡English¡¡the¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡original¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡be¡¡strange¡¡if¡¡that¡¡were¡¡not¡¡so¡£

2¡£¡¡Then¡¡there¡¡have¡¡been¡¡new¡¡and¡¡important¡¡discoveries¡¡of¡¡Biblical¡¡literature¡¡which¡¡date¡¡earlier¡¡in¡¡Christian¡¡history¡¡than¡¡any¡¡our¡¡fathers¡¡knew¡¡three¡¡hundred¡¡years¡¡ago¡£¡¡In¡¡some¡¡instances¡¡those¡¡earlier¡¡discoveries¡¡have¡¡shown¡¡that¡¡a¡¡phrase¡¡here¡¡or¡¡there¡¡has¡¡been¡¡wrongly¡¡introduced¡¡into¡¡the¡¡text¡£¡¡There¡¡has¡¡been¡¡no¡¡marked¡¡instance¡¡where¡¡a¡¡phrase¡¡was¡¡added¡¡by¡¡the¡¡revisers£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡a¡¡phrase¡¡dropped¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡original¡¡and¡¡now¡¡replaced¡£¡¡One¡¡illustration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡omission¡¡of¡¡a¡¡phrase¡¡will¡¡be¡¡enough¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡fifth¡¡chapter¡¡of¡¡I¡¡John¡¡the¡¡seventh¡¡verse¡¡reads£º¡¡¡¨For¡¡there¡¡are¡¡three¡¡that¡¡bear¡¡record¡¡in¡¡heaven£»¡¡the¡¡Father£»¡¡the¡¡Word£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Holy¡¡Ghost£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡three¡¡are¡¡one¡£¡¨¡¡In¡¡the¡¡revised¡¡versions¡¡it¡¡is¡¡omitted£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡seems¡¡quite¡¡certain¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡in¡¡the¡¡original¡¡writing¡£¡¡It¡¡does¡¡not¡¡at¡¡all¡¡alter¡¡the¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡Scripture¡£¡¡While¡¡it¡¡appears¡¡in¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡best¡¡manuscripts¡¡which¡¡were¡¡available¡¡for¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡translators£»¡¡earlier¡¡manuscripts¡¡found¡¡since¡¡that¡¡time¡¡have¡¡shown¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡formerly¡¡written¡¡at¡¡the¡¡side¡¡as¡¡a¡¡gloss£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡by¡¡some¡¡transcriber¡¡set¡¡over¡¡in¡¡the¡¡text¡¡itself¡£¡¡The¡¡process¡¡of¡¡making¡¡the¡¡early¡¡manuscripts¡¡shows¡¡how¡¡easily¡¡that¡¡could¡¡have¡¡occurred¡£¡¡Let¡¡us¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡two¡¡or¡¡three¡¡manuscripts¡¡were¡¡being¡¡made¡¡at¡¡once¡¡by¡¡different¡¡copyists¡£¡¡One¡¡was¡¡set¡¡to¡¡read¡¡the¡¡original£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡read£»¡¡the¡¡others¡¡wrote¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡be¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡he¡¡might¡¡read¡¡this¡¡marginal¡¡reference¡¡as¡¡a¡¡suitable¡¡commentary¡¡on¡¡the¡¡text£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡one¡¡or¡¡more¡¡of¡¡the¡¡writers¡¡could¡¡have¡¡written¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡text¡£¡¡It¡¡could¡¡easily¡¡happen¡¡also¡¡that¡¡a¡¡copyist£»¡¡even¡¡seeing¡¡where¡¡it¡¡stood£»¡¡might¡¡suppose¡¡it¡¡had¡¡been¡¡omitted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡earlier¡¡copyist£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡completed¡¡his¡¡work¡¡by¡¡putting¡¡it¡¡on¡¡the¡¡margin¡£¡¡So¡¡the¡¡next¡¡copyist¡¡would¡¡put¡¡it¡¡into¡¡his¡¡own¡¡text¡£¡¡Once¡¡in¡¡a¡¡manuscript£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡readily¡¡become¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡accepted¡¡form¡£¡¡Discoveries¡¡that¡¡bring¡¡that¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡light¡¡are¡¡of¡¡value¡¡in¡¡giving¡¡us¡¡an¡¡accurate¡¡version¡¡of¡¡the¡¡original¡¡Bible¡£

3¡£¡¡Then¡¡there¡¡are¡¡in¡¡our¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡¡a¡¡few¡¡archaic¡¡and¡¡obsolete¡¡phrases¡£¡¡We¡¡have¡¡already¡¡spoken¡¡of¡¡them¡£¡¡Most¡¡of¡¡them¡¡have¡¡been¡¡avoided¡¡in¡¡the¡¡revised¡¡versions¡£¡¡The¡¡neuter¡¡possessive¡¡pronoun£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡has¡¡been¡¡put¡¡in¡£¡¡Animal¡¡names¡¡have¡¡been¡¡clarified£»¡¡obsolete¡¡expressions¡¡have¡¡been¡¡replaced¡¡by¡¡more¡¡familiar¡¡ones£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡on¡£

4¡£¡¡Then¡¡there¡¡were¡¡certain¡¡inaccuracies¡¡in¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡£¡¡The¡¡fact¡¡is¡¡familiar¡¡that¡¡they¡¡transliterated¡¡certain¡¡words¡¡which¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡well¡¡translate¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡revised¡¡versions¡¡that¡¡has¡¡been¡¡carried¡¡farther¡¡still¡£¡¡The¡¡words¡¡which¡¡they¡¡translated¡¡¡¨hell¡¨¡¡have¡¡been¡¡put¡¡back¡¡into¡¡their¡¡Hebrew¡¡and¡¡Greek¡¡equivalents£»¡¡and¡¡appear¡¡as¡¡Sheol¡¡and¡¡Hades¡£¡¡Another¡¡instance¡¡is¡¡that¡¡of¡¡an¡¡Old¡¡Testament¡¡word£»¡¡Asherah£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡translated¡¡always¡¡¡¨grove£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡was¡¡used¡¡to¡¡describe¡¡the¡¡object¡¡of¡¡worship¡¡of¡¡the¡¡early¡¡enemies¡¡of¡¡Israel¡£¡¡The¡¡translation¡¡does¡¡not¡¡quite¡¡represent¡¡the¡¡fact£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡revisers¡¡have¡¡therefore¡¡replaced¡¡the¡¡old¡¡Hebrew¡¡word¡¡Asherah¡£¡¡The¡¡transliterations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡¡have¡¡not¡¡been¡¡changed¡¡into¡¡translations¡£¡¡Instead£»¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡transliterations¡¡has¡¡been¡¡increased¡¡in¡¡the¡¡interest¡¡of¡¡accuracy¡£¡¡At¡¡one¡¡point¡¡one¡¡might¡¡incline¡¡to¡¡be¡¡adversely¡¡critical¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡revisers¡£¡¡They¡¡have¡¡transliterated¡¡the¡¡Hebrew¡¡word¡¡Jehovah£»¡¡so¡¡they¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡sides¡¡in¡¡a¡¡controversy¡¡where¡¡scholars¡¡have¡¡room¡¡to¡¡differ¡£¡¡The¡¡version¡¡would¡¡have¡¡gained¡¡in¡¡strength¡¡if¡¡it¡¡had¡¡retained¡¡the¡¡dignified¡¡and¡¡noble¡¡word¡¡¡¨Lord£»¡¨¡¡which¡¡comes¡¡as¡¡near¡¡representing¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Hebrew¡¡word¡¡for¡¡God¡¡as¡¡any¡¡word¡¡we¡¡could¡¡find¡£¡¡It¡¡must¡¡be¡¡added¡¡that¡¡the¡¡English¡¡of¡¡neither¡¡of¡¡our¡¡new¡¡versions¡¡has¡¡the¡¡rhythm¡¡and¡¡movement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡version¡£¡¡That¡¡is¡¡partly¡¡because¡¡we¡¡are¡¡so¡¡accustomed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡old¡¡expressions¡¡and¡¡new¡¡ones¡¡strike¡¡the¡¡ear¡¡unpleasantly¡£¡¡In¡¡any¡¡case£»¡¡the¡¡versions¡¡differ¡¡plainly¡¡in¡¡their¡¡English¡£¡¡It¡¡seems¡¡most¡¡unlikely¡¡that¡¡either¡¡of¡¡these¡¡versions¡¡shall¡¡ever¡¡have¡¡the¡¡literary¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James£»¡¡though¡¡any¡¡man¡¡who¡¡will¡¡prophesy¡¡about£»¡¡that¡¡affects¡¡a¡¡wisdom¡¡which¡¡he¡¡has¡¡not¡£

These£»¡¡then£»¡¡are¡¡the¡¡two¡¡differences¡¡between¡¡this¡¡lecture¡¡and¡¡the¡¡preceding¡¡ones£»¡¡that¡¡in¡¡this¡¡lecture¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡deal¡¡with¡¡judgments¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡facts£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡deal¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡of¡¡to¡­day¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡the¡¡King¡¡James¡¡version¡£

Passing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡the¡¡subject£»¡¡the¡¡question¡¡appears¡¡at¡¡once¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡has¡¡or¡¡can¡¡have¡¡to¡­day¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡or¡¡the¡¡place¡¡which¡¡it¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡had¡¡in¡¡the¡¡past¡£¡¡Two¡¡things£»¡¡force¡¡that¡¡question£º¡¡Has¡¡not¡¡the¡¡critical¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡itself¡¡robbed¡¡it¡¡of¡¡its¡¡place¡¡of¡¡authority£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡not¡¡the¡¡changes¡¡of¡¡our¡¡times¡¡destroyed¡¡its¡¡possibilities¡¡of¡¡influence£¿¡¡That¡¡is£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡one¡¡hand£»¡¡has¡¡not¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡been¡¡changed£¿¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡has¡¡it¡¡not¡¡come¡¡into¡¡such¡¡new¡¡conditions¡¡that¡¡it¡¡cannot¡¡do¡¡its¡¡old¡¡work£¿

It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡but¡¡a¡¡most¡¡mistaken¡¡idea¡¡that¡¡the¡¡critical¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡is¡¡a¡¡new¡¡thing¡£¡¡From¡¡long¡¡bef

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