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These¡¡centuries¡¡added¡¡to¡¡the¡¡conviction¡¡of¡¡many¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡to¡¡become¡¡too¡¡common£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡should¡¡not¡¡be¡¡read¡¡by¡¡everybody£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡required¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡learning¡¡to¡¡make¡¡it¡¡safe¡¡reading¡£¡¡They¡¡came¡¡to¡¡feel¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡as¡¡important¡¡to¡¡have¡¡an¡¡authoritative¡¡interpretation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡as¡¡to¡¡have¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡itself¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡movement¡¡began¡¡to¡¡make¡¡it¡¡speak¡¡the¡¡new¡¡English¡¡tongue£»¡¡it¡¡provoked¡¡the¡¡most¡¡violent¡¡opposition¡£¡¡Latin¡¡had¡¡been¡¡good¡¡enough¡¡for¡¡a¡¡millennium£»¡¡why¡¡cheapen¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡by¡¡a¡¡translation£¿¡¡There¡¡had¡¡grown¡¡up¡¡a¡¡feeling¡¡that¡¡Jerome¡¡himself¡¡had¡¡been¡¡inspired¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡been¡¡canonized£»¡¡and¡¡half¡¡the¡¡references¡¡to¡¡him¡¡in¡¡that¡¡time¡¡speak¡¡of¡¡him¡¡as¡¡the¡¡inspired¡¡translator¡£¡¡Criticism¡¡of¡¡his¡¡version¡¡was¡¡counted¡¡as¡¡impious¡¡and¡¡profane¡¡as¡¡criticisms¡¡of¡¡the¡¡original¡¡text¡¡could¡¡possibly¡¡have¡¡been¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ironies¡¡of¡¡history¡¡that¡¡the¡¡version¡¡for¡¡which¡¡Jerome¡¡had¡¡to¡¡fight£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡was¡¡counted¡¡a¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡impiety¡¡itself£»¡¡actually¡¡became¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡on¡¡which¡¡men¡¡stood¡¡when¡¡they¡¡fought¡¡against¡¡another¡¡version£»¡¡counting¡¡anything¡¡else¡¡but¡¡this¡¡very¡¡version¡¡an¡¡impious¡¡intrusion£¡

How¡¡early¡¡the¡¡movement¡¡for¡¡an¡¡English¡¡Bible¡¡began£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡now¡¡to¡¡say¡£¡¡Certainly¡¡just¡¡before¡¡700¡¡A¡£D¡££»¡¡that¡¡first¡¡singer¡¡of¡¡the¡¡English¡¡tongue£»¡¡Caedmon£»¡¡had¡¡learned¡¡to¡¡paraphrase¡¡the¡¡Bible¡£¡¡We¡¡may¡¡recall¡¡the¡¡Venerable¡¡Bede's¡¡charming¡¡story¡¡of¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡how¡¡he¡¡came¡¡by¡¡his¡¡power¡¡of¡¡interpretation¡£¡¡Bede¡¡himself¡¡was¡¡a¡¡child¡¡when¡¡Caedmon¡¡died£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡romance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡story¡¡makes¡¡it¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡finest¡¡in¡¡our¡¡literature¡£¡¡Caedmon¡¡was¡¡a¡¡peasant£»¡¡a¡¡farm¡¡laborer¡¡in¡¡Northumbria¡¡working¡¡on¡¡the¡¡lands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Abbey¡¡at¡¡Whitby¡£¡¡Already¡¡he¡¡had¡¡passed¡¡middle¡¡life£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡spark¡¡of¡¡genius¡¡had¡¡flashed¡¡in¡¡him¡£¡¡He¡¡loved¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡the¡¡festive¡¡gatherings¡¡and¡¡hear¡¡the¡¡others¡¡sing¡¡their¡¡improvised¡¡poems£»¡¡but£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡harp¡¡came¡¡around¡¡to¡¡him¡¡in¡¡due¡¡course£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡leave¡¡the¡¡room£»¡¡for¡¡be¡¡could¡¡not¡¡sing¡£¡¡One¡¡night¡¡when¡¡he¡¡had¡¡slipped¡¡away¡¡from¡¡the¡¡group¡¡in¡¡shame¡¡and¡¡had¡¡made¡¡his¡¡rounds¡¡of¡¡the¡¡horses¡¡and¡¡cattle¡¡under¡¡his¡¡care£»¡¡he¡¡fell¡¡asleep¡¡in¡¡the¡¡stable¡¡building£»¡¡and¡¡heard¡¡a¡¡voice¡¡in¡¡his¡¡sleep¡¡bidding¡¡him¡¡sing¡£¡¡When¡¡he¡¡declared¡¡he¡¡could¡¡not£»¡¡the¡¡voice¡¡still¡¡bade¡¡him¡¡sing¡£¡¡¡¨What¡¡shall¡¡I¡¡sing£¿¡¨¡¡he¡¡asked¡£¡¡¡¨Sing¡¡the¡¡first¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡created¡¡things¡£¡¨¡¡And¡¡the¡¡words¡¡came¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡and£»¡¡still¡¡dreaming£»¡¡he¡¡sang¡¡his¡¡first¡¡hymn¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Creator¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡morning¡¡he¡¡told¡¡his¡¡story£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Lady¡¡Abbess¡¡found¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡the¡¡divine¡¡gift¡£¡¡The¡¡monks¡¡had¡¡but¡¡to¡¡translate¡¡to¡¡him¡¡bits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Latin£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡understand£»¡¡into¡¡his¡¡familiar¡¡Anglo¡­Saxon¡¡tongue£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡would¡¡cast¡¡it¡¡into¡¡the¡¡rugged¡¡Saxon¡¡measures¡¡which¡¡could¡¡be¡¡sung¡¡by¡¡the¡¡common¡¡people¡£¡¡So¡¡far¡¡as¡¡we¡¡can¡¡tell£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡so£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡story¡¡became¡¡current¡¡in¡¡Anglo¡­Saxon¡¡speech¡£¡¡Bede¡¡himself¡¡certainly¡¡put¡¡the¡¡Gospel¡¡of¡¡John¡¡into¡¡Anglo¡­Saxon¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡Bodleian¡¡Library£»¡¡at¡¡Oxford£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡manuscript¡¡of¡¡nearly¡¡twenty¡¡thousand¡¡lines£»¡¡the¡¡metrical¡¡version¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Gospel¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Acts£»¡¡done¡¡near¡¡1250¡¡by¡¡an¡¡Augustinian¡¡monk¡¡named¡¡Orm£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡called¡¡the¡¡Ormulum¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡other¡¡metrical¡¡versions¡¡of¡¡various¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡£¡¡Midway¡¡between¡¡Bede¡¡and¡¡Orm¡¡came¡¡Langland's¡¡poem£»¡¡¡¨The¡¡Vision¡¡of¡¡Piers¡¡Plowman£»¡¨¡¡which¡¡paraphrased¡¡so¡¡much¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Scripture¡£

Yet¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡is¡¡that¡¡until¡¡the¡¡last¡¡quarter¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fourteenth¡¡century¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡prose¡¡version¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡in¡¡the¡¡English¡¡language¡£¡¡Indeed£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡only¡¡coming¡¡to¡¡be¡¡an¡¡English¡¡language¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡gradually¡¡emerging£»¡¡taking¡¡definite¡¡shape¡¡and¡¡form£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡it¡¡could¡¡be¡¡distinguished¡¡from¡¡the¡¡earlier¡¡Norman¡¡French£»¡¡Saxon£»¡¡and¡¡Anglo¡­Saxon£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡so¡¡much¡¡of¡¡it¡¡is¡¡rooted¡£

As¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡language¡¡grew¡¡definite¡¡enough£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡inevitable¡¡that¡¡two¡¡things¡¡should¡¡come¡¡to¡¡pass¡£¡¡First£»¡¡that¡¡some¡¡men¡¡would¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡colloquial¡¡version¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible£»¡¡and£»¡¡secondly£»¡¡that¡¡others¡¡would¡¡oppose¡¡it¡£¡¡One¡¡can¡¡count¡¡with¡¡all¡¡confidence¡¡on¡¡these¡¡two¡¡groups¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡marching¡¡through¡¡history¡¡like¡¡the¡¡animals¡¡into¡¡the¡¡ark£»¡¡two¡¡and¡¡two¡£¡¡Some¡¡men¡¡propose£»¡¡others¡¡oppose¡£¡¡They¡¡are¡¡built¡¡on¡¡those¡¡lines¡£

We¡¡are¡¡more¡¡concerned¡¡with¡¡the¡¡men¡¡who¡¡made¡¡the¡¡versions£»¡¡but¡¡we¡¡must¡¡think¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡others¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡his¡¡contemporaries£»¡¡Knighton£»¡¡may¡¡speak¡¡for¡¡all¡¡in¡¡his¡¡saying¡¡of¡¡Wiclif£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sure£»¡¡translated¡¡the¡¡Gospel¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Anglic¡¡tongue£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡it¡¡had¡¡thereby¡¡been¡¡made¡¡vulgar¡¡by¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡more¡¡open¡¡to¡¡the¡¡reading¡¡of¡¡laymen¡¡and¡¡women¡¡than¡¡it¡¡usually¡¡is¡¡to¡¡the¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡lettered¡¡and¡¡intelligent¡¡clergy£»¡¡and¡¡¡¨thus¡¡the¡¡pearl¡¡is¡¡cast¡¡abroad¡¡and¡¡trodden¡¡under¡¡the¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡swine¡¨£»¡¡and£»¡¡that¡¡we¡¡may¡¡not¡¡be¡¡in¡¡doubt¡¡who¡¡are¡¡the¡¡swine£»¡¡he¡¡adds£º¡¡¡¨The¡¡jewel¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Church¡¡is¡¡turned¡¡into¡¡the¡¡common¡¡sport¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¨

But¡¡two¡¡strong¡¡impulses¡¡drive¡¡thoughtful¡¡men¡¡to¡¡any¡¡effort¡¡that¡¡will¡¡secure¡¡wide¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡£¡¡One¡¡is¡¡their¡¡love¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡and¡¡their¡¡belief¡¡in¡¡it£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡dominant¡¡then¡¡and¡¡now£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡the¡¡need¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡time¡£¡¡It¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡too¡¡strongly¡¡urged¡¡that¡¡the¡¡two¡¡great¡¡pioneers¡¡of¡¡English¡¡Bible¡¡translation£»¡¡Wiclif¡¡and¡¡Tindale£»¡¡more¡¡than¡¡a¡¡century¡¡apart£»¡¡were¡¡chiefly¡¡moved¡¡to¡¡their¡¡work¡¡by¡¡social¡¡conditions¡£¡¡No¡¡one¡¡could¡¡read¡¡the¡¡literature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡times¡¡of¡¡which¡¡we¡¡are¡¡speaking¡¡without¡¡smiling¡¡at¡¡our¡¡assumption¡¡that¡¡we¡¡are¡¡the¡¡first¡¡who¡¡have¡¡cared¡¡for¡¡social¡¡needs¡£¡¡We¡¡talk¡¡about¡¡the¡¡past¡¡as¡¡the¡¡age¡¡of¡¡the¡¡individual£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡present¡¡as¡¡the¡¡social¡¡age¡£¡¡Our¡¡fathers£»¡¡we¡¡say£»¡¡cared¡¡only¡¡to¡¡be¡¡saved¡¡themselves£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡no¡¡concern¡¡for¡¡the¡¡evils¡¡of¡¡society¡£¡¡They¡¡believed¡¡in¡¡rescuing¡¡one¡¡here¡¡and¡¡another¡¡there£»¡¡while¡¡we¡¡have¡¡come¡¡to¡¡see¡¡the¡¡wisdom¡¡of¡¡correcting¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡that¡¡ruin¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡saving¡¡men¡¡in¡¡the¡¡mass¡£¡¡There¡¡must¡¡be¡¡some¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡truth¡¡for¡¡that£»¡¡since¡¡we¡¡say¡¡it¡¡so¡¡confidently£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡can¡¡be¡¡much¡¡over¡­accented¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡many¡¡of¡¡our¡¡fathers£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡our¡¡grandfathers£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡mightily¡¡concerned¡¡with¡¡the¡¡mass¡¡of¡¡people£»¡¡and¡¡looked¡¡as¡¡carefully¡¡as¡¡we¡¡do¡¡for¡¡a¡¡corrective¡¡of¡¡social¡¡evils¡£¡¡Wiclif£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡late¡¡fourteenth¡¡century£»¡¡and¡¡Tindale£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡early¡¡sixteenth£»¡¡were¡¡two¡¡such¡¡men¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡English¡¡translations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡were¡¡fruits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡social¡¡impulse¡£

Wiclif¡¡was¡¡impressed¡¡with¡¡the¡¡chasm¡¡that¡¡was¡¡growing¡¡between¡¡the¡¡church¡¡and¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡and¡¡felt¡¡that¡¡a¡¡wider¡¡and¡¡fuller¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡would¡¡be¡¡helpful¡¡for¡¡the¡¡closing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chasm¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡familiar¡¡remark¡¡of¡¡Miss¡¡Jane¡¡Addams¡¡that¡¡the¡¡cure¡¡for¡¡the¡¡evils¡¡of¡¡democracy¡¡is¡¡more¡¡democracy¡£¡¡Wiclif¡¡believed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡cure¡¡for¡¡the¡¡evils¡¡of¡¡religion¡¡is¡¡more¡¡religion£»¡¡more¡¡intelligent¡¡religion¡£¡¡He¡¡found¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡feeling¡¡that¡¡the¡¡best¡¡things¡¡in¡¡religion¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡kept¡¡from¡¡most¡¡people£»¡¡since¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡trusted¡¡to¡¡understand¡¡them¡£¡¡His¡¡own¡¡feeling¡¡was¡¡that¡¡the¡¡best¡¡things¡¡in¡¡religion¡¡are¡¡exactly¡¡the¡¡things¡¡most¡¡people¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡know¡¡most¡¡about£»¡¡that¡¡people¡¡had¡¡better¡¡handle¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡carelessly£»¡¡mistakenly£»¡¡than¡¡be¡¡shut¡¡out¡¡from¡¡it¡¡by¡¡any¡¡means¡¡whatever¡£¡¡We¡¡owe¡¡the¡¡first¡¡English¡¡translation¡¡to¡¡a¡¡faith¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Bible¡¡is¡¡a¡¡book¡¡of¡¡emancipation¡¡for¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡and¡¡for¡¡the¡¡political¡¡life¡£

John¡¡Wiclif¡¡himself¡¡was¡¡a¡¡scholar¡¡of¡¡Oxford£»¡¡master¡¡of¡¡that¡¡famous¡¡Balliol¡¡College¡¡which¡¡has¡¡had¡¡such¡¡a¡¡list¡¡of¡¡distinguished¡¡masters¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡an¡¡adviser¡¡of¡¡Edward¡¡III¡£¡¡Twenty¡¡years¡¡after¡¡his¡¡death¡¡a¡¡younger¡¡contemporary¡¡£¨W¡£¡¡Thorpe£©¡¡said¡¡that¡¡¡¨he¡¡was¡¡considered¡¡by¡¡many¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡most¡¡holy¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡men¡¡of¡¡his¡¡age¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡of¡¡emaciated¡¡frame£»¡¡spare£»¡¡and¡¡well¡¡nigh¡¡destitute¡¡of¡¡strength¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡absolutely¡¡blameless¡¡in¡¡his¡¡conduct¡£¡¨¡¡And¡¡even¡¡that¡¡same¡¡Knighton¡¡who¡¡accused¡¡him¡¡of¡¡casting¡¡the¡¡Church's¡¡pearl¡¡before¡¡swine¡¡says¡¡that¡¡in¡¡philosophy¡¡¡¨he¡¡came¡¡to¡¡be¡¡reckoned¡¡inferior¡¡to¡¡none¡¡of¡¡his¡¡time¡£¡¨

But¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡at¡¡Oxford¡¡that¡¡he¡¡came¡¡to¡¡know¡¡common¡¡life¡¡so¡¡well¡¡and¡¡to¡¡sense¡¡the¡¡need¡¡for¡¡a¡¡new¡¡social¡¡influence¡£¡¡He¡¡came¡¡nearer¡¡to¡¡it¡¡when¡¡he¡¡was¡¡rector¡¡of¡¡the¡¡parish¡¡at¡¡Lutterworth¡£¡¡As¡¡scholar¡¡and¡¡rector¡¡he¡¡set¡¡going¡¡the¡¡two¡¡great¡¡movements¡¡which¡¡leave¡¡his¡¡name¡¡in¡¡history¡£¡¡One¡¡was¡¡his¡¡securing£»¡¡training£»¡¡and¡¡sending¡¡out¡¡a¡¡band¡¡of¡¡itinerant¡¡preachers¡¡or¡¡¡¨poor¡¡priests¡¨¡¡to¡¡gather¡¡the¡¡people¡¡in¡¡fields¡¡and¡¡byways¡¡and¡¡to¡¡preach¡¡the¡¡simple¡¡truths¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Christian¡¡religion¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡unpaid£»¡¡and¡¡lived¡¡by¡¡the¡¡kindness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡common¡¡people¡£¡¡They¡¡came¡¡to¡¡be¡¡called¡¡Lollards£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡name¡¡is¡¡obscure¡£¡¡Their¡¡followers¡¡received¡¡the¡¡same¡¡name¡£¡¡A¡¡few¡¡years¡¡after¡¡Wiclif's¡¡death¡¡an¡¡enemy¡¡bitterly¡¡observed¡¡that¡¡if¡¡you¡¡met¡¡any¡¡two¡¡men¡¡one¡¡was¡¡sure¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡Lollard¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡¡¨first¡¡time¡¡in¡¡English¡¡history¡¡that¡¡an¡¡appeal¡¡had¡¡been¡¡made¡¡to¡¡the¡¡people¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡the¡¡scholars¡£¡¨¡¡Religion¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡made¡¡rather¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡practical¡¡life¡¡than¡¡of¡¡dogma¡¡or¡¡of¡¡ritual¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¨poor¡¡priests¡¨¡¡in¡¡their¡¡cheap¡¡brown¡¡robes¡¡became¡¡a¡¡mighty¡¡religious¡¡force£»¡¡and¡¡evoked¡¡opposition¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Church¡¡powers¡£¡¡A¡¡generation¡¡after¡¡Wiclif's¡¡death¡¡they¡¡had¡¡become¡¡a¡¡mighty¡¡political¡¡force¡¡in¡¡the¡¡controversy¡¡between¡¡the¡¡King¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Pope¡£¡¡As¡¡late¡¡as¡¡1521¡¡five¡¡hundred¡¡Lollards¡¡were¡¡arrested¡¡in¡¡London¡¡by¡¡the¡¡bishop¡££§1£§¡¡Wiclif's¡¡purpose£»¡¡however£»¡¡was¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡and¡¡help¡¡the¡¡common¡¡people¡¡with¡¡the¡¡simpler£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡the¡¡most¡¡fundamental£»¡¡truths¡¡of¡¡religion¡£


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