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governments would be founded in vain; and Solomon's words (Prov。 xxiv:21);



〃My son; fear God and the king;〃 would be impious; which they certainly are



not; we must therefore admit that the authority which Christ gave to His



disciples was given to them only; and must not be taken as an example for



others。







(19:57) I do not pause to consider the arguments of those who wish to



separate secular rights from spiritual rights; placing the former under the



control of the sovereign; and the latter under the control of the universal



Church; such pretensions are too frivolous to merit refutation。 (58) I



cannot however; pass over in silence the fact that such persons are woefully



deceived when they seek to support their seditious opinions (I ask pardon



for the somewhat harsh epithet) by the example of the Jewish high priest;



who; in ancient times; had the right of administering the sacred offices。



(59) Did not the high priests receive their right by the decree of Moses



(who; as I have shown; retained the sole right to rule); and could they not



by the same means be deprived of it? (60) Moses himself chose not only



Aaron; but also his son Eleazar; and his grandson Phineas; and bestowed on



them the right of administering the office of high priest。 (61) This right



was retained by the high priests afterwards; but none the less were they



delegates of Moses … that is; of the sovereign power。 (62) Moses; as we have



shown; left no successor to his dominion; but so distributed his



prerogatives; that those who came after him seemed; as it were; regents who



administer the government when a king is absent but not dead。







(19:62) In the second commonwealth the high priests held their right



absolutely; after they had obtained the rights of principality in addition。



(63) Wherefore the rights of the high priesthood always depended on the



edict of the sovereign; and the high priests did not possess them till



they became sovereigns also。 (64) Rights in matters spiritual always



remained under the control of the kings absolutely (as I will show at the



end of this chapter); except in the single particular that they were not



allowed to administer in person the sacred duties in the Temple; inasmuch



as they were not of the family of Aaron; and were therefore considered



unclean; a reservation which would have no force in a Christian community。







(19:65) We cannot; therefore; doubt that the daily sacred rites (whose



performance does not require a particular genealogy but only a special mode



of life; and from which the holders of sovereign power are not excluded as



unclean) are under the sole control of the sovereign power; no one;



save by the authority or concession of such sovereign; has the right or



power of administering them; of choosing others to administer them; of



defining or strengthening the foundations of the Church and her doctrines;



of judging on questions of morality or acts of piety; of receiving



anyone into the Church or excommunicating him therefrom; or; lastly; of



providing for the poor。







(19:66) These doctrines are proved to be not only true (as we have already



pointed out); but also of primary necessity for the preservation of religion



and the state。 (67) We all know what weight spiritual right and authority



carries in the popular mind: how everyone hangs on the lips; as it were; of



those who possess it。 (68) We may even say that those who wield such



authority have the most complete sway over the popular mind。







(19:69) Whosoever; therefore; wishes to take this right away from the



sovereign power; is desirous of dividing the dominion; from such division;



contentions; and strife will necessarily spring up; as they did of old



between the Jewish kings and high priests; and will defy all attempts to



allay them。 (70) Nay; further; he who strives to deprive the sovereign power



of such authority; is aiming (as we have said); at gaining dominion for



himself。 (71) What is left for the sovereign power to decide on; if this



right be denied him? (72) Certainly nothing concerning either war or



peace; if he has to ask another man's opinion as to whether what he



believes to be beneficial would be pious or impious。 (73) Everything would



depend on the verdict of him who had the right of deciding and judging what



was pious or impious; right or wrong。







(19:74) When such a right was bestowed on the Pope of Rome absolutely; he



gradually acquired complete control over the kings; till at last he himself



mounted to the summits of dominion; however much monarchs; and especially



the German emperors; strove to curtail his authority; were it only by a



hairsbreadth; they effected nothing; but on the contrary by their very



endeavours largely increased it。 (75) That which no monarch could accomplish



with fire and sword; ecclesiastics could bring about with a stroke of the



pen; whereby we may easily see the force and power at the command of the



Church; and also how necessary it is for sovereigns to reserve such



prerogatives for themselves。







(19:76) If we reflect on what was said in the last chapter we shall see that



such reservation conduced not a little to the increase of religion and



piety; for we observed that the prophets themselves; though gifted with



Divine efficacy; being merely private citizens; rather irritated than



reformed the people by their freedom of warning; reproof; and denunciation;



whereas the kings by warnings and punishments easily bent men to their will。



(77) Furthermore; the kings themselves; not possessing the right in question



absolutely; very often fell away from religion and took with them nearly the



whole people。 (78) The same thing has often happened from the same cause in



Christian states。







(19:79) Perhaps I shall be asked; 〃But if the holders of sovereign power



choose to be wicked; who will be the rightful champion of piety? (80) Should



the sovereigns still be its interpreters? 〃I meet them with the counter…



question; 〃But if ecclesiastics (who are also human; and private citizens;



and who ought to mind only their own affairs); or if others whom it is



proposed to entrust with spiritual authority; choose to be wicked; should



they still be considered as piety's rightful interpreters?〃 (81) It is quite



certain that when sovereigns wish to follow their own pleasure; whether they



have control over spiritual matters or not; the whole state; spiritual



and secular; will go to ruin; and it will go much faster if private



citizens seditiously assume the championship of the Divine rights。







(19:82) Thus we see that not only is nothing gained by denying such rights



to sovereigns; but on the contrary; great evil ensues。 (83) For (as happened



with the Jewish kings who did not possess such rights absolutely) rulers are



thus driven into wickedness; and the injury and loss to the state become



certain and inevitable; instead of uncertain and possible。 (84) Whether we



look to the abstract truth; or the security of states; or the increase of



piety; we are compelled to maintain that the Divine right; or the right of



control over spiritual matters; depends absolutely on the decree of the



sovereign; who is its legitimate interpreter and champion。 (85) Therefore



the true ministers of God's word are those who teach piety to the people in



obedience to the authority of the sovereign rulers by whose decree it has



been brought into conformity with the public welfare。







'19:5' (86) There remains for me to point out the cause for the frequent



disputes on the subject of these spiritual rights in Christian states;



whereas the Hebrews; so far as I know; never; had any doubts about the



matter。 (87) It seems monstrous that a question so plain and vitally



important should thus have remained undecided; and that the secular rulers



could never obtain the prerogative without controversy; nay; nor without



great danger of sedition and injury to religion。 (88) If no cause for this



state of things were forthcoming; I could easily persuade myself that all I



have said in this chapter is mere theorizing; or akind of speculative



reasoning which can never be of any practical use。 (89) However; when we



reflect on the beginnings of Christianity the cause at once becomes



manifest。 (90) The Christian religion was not taught at first by kings; but



by private persons; who; against the wishes of those in power; whose



subjects they; were; were for a long time accustomed to hold meetings in



secret churches; to institute and perform sacred rites; and on their own



authority to settle and decide on their affairs without regard to the state;



(91) When; after the lapse of many years; the religion was taken up by the



authorities; the ecclesiastics were obliged to teach it to the emper

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