meteorology-第24节

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soft。







　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　5







　　A　body　determined　by　its　own　boundary　must　be　either　hard　or　soft；



for　it　either　yields　or　does　not。



　　It　must　also　be　concrete：　or　it　could　not　be　so　determined。　So　since



everything　that　is　determined　and　solid　is　either　hard　or　soft　and



these　qualities　are　due　to　concretion；　all　composite　and　determined



bodies　must　involve　concretion。　Concretion　therefore　must　be



discussed。



　　Now　there　are　two　causes　besides　matter；　the　agent　and　the　quality



brought　about；　the　agent　being　the　efficient　cause；　the　quality　the



formal　cause。　Hence　concretion　and　disaggregation；　drying　and



moistening；　must　have　these　two　causes。



　　But　since　concretion　is　a　form　of　drying　let　us　speak　of　the



latter　first。



　　As　we　have　explained；　the　agent　operates　by　means　of　two　qualities



and　the　patient　is　acted　on　in　virtue　of　two　qualities：　action　takes



place　by　means　of　heat　or　cold；　and　the　quality　is　produced　either



by　the　presence　or　by　the　absence　of　heat　or　cold；　but　that　which　is



acted　upon　is　moist　or　dry　or　a　compound　of　both。　Water　is　the　element



characterized　by　the　moist；　earth　that　characterized　by　the　dry；　for



these　among　the　elements　that　admit　the　qualities　moist　and　dry　are



passive。　Therefore　cold；　too；　being　found　in　water　and　earth　（both



of　which　we　recognize　to　be　cold）；　must　be　reckoned　rather　as　a



passive　quality。　It　is　active　only　as　contributing　to　destruction　or



incidentally　in　the　manner　described　before；　for　cold　is　sometimes



actually　said　to　burn　and　to　warm；　but　not　in　the　same　way　as　heat



does；　but　by　collecting　and　concentrating　heat。



　　The　subjects　of　drying　are　water　and　the　various　watery　fluids　and



those　bodies　which　contain　water　either　foreign　or　connatural。　By



foreign　I　mean　like　the　water　in　wool；　by　connatural；　like　that　in



milk。　The　watery　fluids　are　wine；　urine；　whey；　and　in　general　those



fluids　which　have　no　sediment　or　only　a　little；　except　where　this



absence　of　sediment　is　due　to　viscosity。　For　in　some　cases；　in　oil　and



pitch　for　instance；　it　is　the　viscosity　which　prevents　any　sediment



from　appearing。



　　It　is　always　a　process　of　heating　or　cooling　that　dries　things；



but　the　agent　in　both　cases　is　heat；　either　internal　or　external。



For　even　when　things　are　dried　by　cooling；　like　a　garment；　where　the



moisture　exists　separately　it　is　the　internal　heat　that　dries　them。　It



carries　off　the　moisture　in　the　shape　of　vapour　（if　there　is　not　too



much　of　it）；　being　itself　driven　out　by　the　surrounding　cold。　So



everything　is　dried；　as　we　have　said；　by　a　process　either　of　heating



or　cooling；　but　the　agent　is　always　heat；　either　internal　or　external；



carrying　off　the　moisture　in　vapour。　By　external　heat　I　mean　as



where　things　are　boiled：　by　internal　where　the　heat　breathes　out　and



takes　away　and　uses　up　its　moisture。　So　much　for　drying。







　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　6







　　Liquefaction　is；　first；　condensation　into　water；　second；　the　melting



of　a　solidified　body。　The　first；　condensation；　is　due　to　the　cooling



of　vapour：　what　melting　is　will　appear　from　the　account　of



solidification。



　　Whatever　solidifies　is　either　water　or　a　mixture　of　earth　and　water；



and　the　agent　is　either　dry　heat　or　cold。　Hence　those　of　the　bodies



solidified　by　heat　or　cold　which　are　soluble　at　all　are　dissolved　by



their　opposites。　Bodies　solidified　by　the　dry…hot　are　dissolved　by



water；　which　is　the　moist…cold；　while　bodies　solidified　by　cold　are



dissolved　by　fire；　which　is　hot。　Some　things　seem　to　be　solidified



by　water；　e。g。　boiled　honey；　but　really　it　is　not　the　water　but　the



cold　in　the　water　which　effects　the　solidification。　Aqueous　bodies　are



not　solidified　by　fire：　for　it　is　fire　that　dissolves　them；　and　the



same　cause　in　the　same　relation　cannot　have　opposite　effects　upon



the　same　thing。　Again；　water　solidifies　owing　to　the　departure　of



heat；　so　it　will　clearly　be　dissolved　by　the　entry　into　it　of　heat：



cold；　therefore；　must　be　the　agent　in　solidifying　it。



　　Hence　aqueous　bodies　do　not　thicken　when　they　solidify；　for



thickening　occurs　when　the　moisture　goes　off　and　the　dry　matter



comes　together；　but　water　is　the　only　liquid　that　does　not　thicken。



Those　bodies　that　are　made　up　of　both　earth　and　water　are　solidified



both　by　fire　and　by　cold　and　in　either　case　are　thickened。　The



operation　of　the　two　is　in　a　way　the　same　and　in　a　way　different。　Heat



acts　by　drawing　off　the　moisture；　and　as　the　moisture　goes　off　in



vapour　the　dry　matter　thickens　and　collects。　Cold　acts　by　driving



out　the　heat；　which　is　accompanied　by　the　moisture　as　this　goes　off　in



vapour　with　it。　Bodies　that　are　soft　but　not　liquid　do　not　thicken　but



solidify　when　the　moisture　leaves　them；　e。g。　potter's　clay　in



process　of　baking：　but　those　mixed　bodies　that　are　liquid　thicken



besides　solidifying；　like　milk。　Those　bodies　which　have　first　been



thickened　or　hardened　by　cold　often　begin　by　becoming　moist：　thus



potter's　clay　at　first　in　the　process　of　baking　steams　and　grows



softer；　and　is　liable　to　distortion　in　the　ovens　for　that　reason。



　　Now　of　the　bodies　solidified　by　cold　which　are　made　up　both　of　earth



and　water　but　in　which　the　earth　preponderates；　those　which　solidify



by　the　departure　of　heat　melt　by　heat　when　it　enters　into　them



again；　this　is　the　case　with　frozen　mud。　But　those　which　solidify　by



refrigeration；　where　all　the　moisture　has　gone　off　in　vapour　with



the　heat；　like　iron　and　horn；　cannot　be　dissolved　except　by



excessive　heat；　but　they　can　be　softened…though　manufactured　iron　does



melt；　to　the　point　of　becoming　fluid　and　then　solidifying　again。



This　is　how　steel　is　made。　The　dross　sinks　to　the　bottom　and　is



purged　away：　when　this　has　been　done　often　and　the　metal　is　pure　we



have　steel。　The　process　is　not　repeated　often　because　the　purification



of　the　metal　involves　great　waste　and　loss　of　weight。　But　the　iron



that　has　less　dross　is　the　better　iron。　The　stone　pyrimachus；　too；



melts　and　forms　into　drops　and　becomes　fluid；　after　having　been　in　a



fluid　state　it　solidifies　and　becomes　hard　again。　Millstones；　too；



melt　and　become　fluid：　when　the　fluid　mass　begins　to　solidify　it　is



black　but　its　consistency　comes　to　be　like　that　of　lime。　and　earth；



too



　　Of　the　bodies　which　are　solidified　by　dry　heat　some　are　insoluble；



others　are　dissolved　by　liquid。　Pottery　and　some　kinds　of　stone　that



are　formed　out　of　earth　burnt　up　by　fire；　such　as　millstones；　cannot



be　dissolved。　Natron　and　salt　are　soluble　by　liquid；　but　not　all



liquid　but　only　such　as　is　cold。　Hence　water　and　any　of　its



varieties　melt　them；　but　oil　does　not。　For　the　opposite　of　the　dry…hot



is　the　cold…moist　and　what　the　one　solidified　the　other　will　dissolve；



and　so　opposites　will　have　opposite　effects。







　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　7







　　If　a　body　contains　more　water　than　earth　fire　only　thickens　it：　if



it　contains　more　earth　fire　solidifies　it。　Hence　natron　and　salt　and



stone　and　potter's　clay　must　contain　more　earth。



　　The　nature　of　oil　presents　the　greatest　problem。　If　water



preponderated　in　it；　cold　ought　to　solidify　it；　if　earth



preponderated；　then　fire　ought　to　do　so。　Actually　neither



solidifies；　but　both　thicken　it。　The　reason　is　that　it　is　full　of



air　（hence　it　floats　on　the　top　of　water；　since　air　tends　to　rise）。



Cold　thickens　it　by　turning　the　air　in　it　into　water；　for　any



mixture　of　oil　and　water　is　thicker　than　either。　Fire　and　the　lapse　of



time　thicken　and　whiten　it。　The　whitening　follows　on　the　evaporation



of　any　water　that　may　have　been　in　it；　the　is　due　to　the　change　of　the



air　into　water　as　the　heat　in　the　oil　is　dissipated。　The　effect　in



both　cases　is　the　same　and　the　cause　is　the　same；　but　the　manner　of



its　operation　is　different。　Both　heat　and　cold　thicken　it；　but　neither



dries　it　（neither　the　sun　nor　cold　dries　oil）；　not　only　because　it



is　glutinous　but　because　it　contains　air。　Its　glutinous　nature



prevents　it　from　giving　off　vapour　and　so　fire　does　not　dry　it　or　boil



it　off。



　　Those　bodies　which　are　made　up　of　earth　and　water　may　be



classified　according　to　the　preponderance　of　either。　There　is　a　kind



of　wine；　for　instance；　which　both　solidifies　and　thickens　by　boiling…I



mean；　must。　All　bodies　of　this　kind　lose　their　water　as　they　That　it



is　their　water　may　be　seen　from　the　fact　that　the　vapour　from　them



condenses　into　water　when　collected。　So　wherever　some　sediment　is　left



this　is　of　the　nature　of　earth。　Some　of　these　bodies；　as　we　have　said；



are　also　thickened　and　dried　by　cold。　For　cold　not　only　solidifies　but



also　dries　water；　and　thickens　things　by　turning　air　into　water。



（Solidifying；　as　we　have　said；　is　a　form　of　drying。）　Now　those



things　that　are　no