the essays of montaigne, v8-第10节
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doctrine; that the human way of speaking is of a much lower form and
ought not to adopt for herself the dignity and majesty of divine
eloquence。 Let who will 'verbis indisciplinatis' talk of fortune;
destiny; accident; good and evil hap; and other suchlike phrases;
according to his own humour; I for my part propose fancies merely human
and merely my own; and that simply as human fancies; and separately
considered; not as determined by any decree from heaven; incapable of
doubt or dispute; matter of opinion; not matter of faith; things which I
discourse of according to my own notions; not as I believe; according to
God; after a laical; not clerical; and yet always after a very religious
manner; as children prepare their exercises; not to instruct but to be
instructed。
And might it not be said; that an edict enjoining all people but such as
are public professors of divinity; to be very reserved in writing of
religion; would carry with it a very good colour of utility and justice
and to me; amongst the rest peradventure; to hold my prating? I have
been told that even those who are not of our Church nevertheless amongst
themselves expressly forbid the name of God to be used in common
discourse; nor so much even by way of interjection; exclamation;
assertion of a truth; or comparison; and I think them in the right: upon
what occasion soever we call upon God to accompany and assist us; it
ought always to be done with the greatest reverence and devotion。
There is; as I remember; a passage in Xenophon where he tells us that we
ought so much the more seldom to call upon God; by how much it is hard to
compose our souls to such a degree of calmness; patience; and devotion as
it ought to be in at such a time; otherwise our prayers are not only vain
and fruitless; but vicious: 〃forgive us;〃 we say; 〃our trespasses; as we
forgive them that trespass against us〃; what do we mean by this petition
but that we present to God a soul free from all rancour and revenge? And
yet we make nothing of invoking God's assistance in our vices; and
inviting Him into our unjust designs:
〃Quae; nisi seductis; nequeas committere divis〃
'〃Which you can only impart to the gods; when you have gained them
over。〃Persius; ii。 4。'
the covetous man prays for the conservation of his vain and superfluous
riches; the ambitious for victory and the good conduct of his fortune;
the thief calls Him to his assistance; to deliver him from the dangers
and difficulties that obstruct his wicked designs; or returns Him thanks
for the facility he has met with in cutting a man's throat; at the door
of the house men are going to storm or break into by force of a petard;
they fall to prayers for success; their intentions and hopes of cruelty;
avarice; and lust。
〃Hoc igitur; quo to Jovis aurem impellere tentas;
Dic agedum Staio: 'proh Jupiter! O bone; clamet;
Jupiter!' At sese non clamet Jupiter ipse。〃
'〃This therefore; with which you seek to draw the ear of Jupiter;
say to Staius。 'O Jupiter! O good Jupiter!' let him cry。 Think
you Jupiter himself would not cry out upon it?〃Persius; ii。 21。'
Marguerite; Queen of Navarre;'In the Heptameron。' tells of a young
prince; who; though she does not name him; is easily enough by his great
qualities to be known; who going upon an amorous assignation to lie with
an advocate's wife of Paris; his way thither being through a church; he
never passed that holy place going to or returning from his pious
exercise; but he always kneeled down to pray。 Wherein he would employ
the divine favour; his soul being full of such virtuous meditations;
I leave others to judge; which; nevertheless; she instances for a
testimony of singular devotion。 But this is not the only proof we have
that women are not very fit to treat of theological affairs。
A true prayer and religious reconciling of ourselves to Almighty God
cannot enter into an impure soul; subject at the very time to the
dominion of Satan。 He who calls God to his assistance whilst in a course
of vice; does as if a cut…purse should call a magistrate to help him; or
like those who introduce the name of God to the attestation of a lie。
〃Tacito mala vota susurro
Concipimus。〃
'〃We whisper our guilty prayers。〃…Lucan; v。 104。'
There are few men who durst publish to the world the prayers they make to
Almighty God:
〃Haud cuivis promptum est; murmurque; humilesque susurros
Tollere de templis; et aperto vivere voto〃
'〃'Tis not convenient for every one to bring the prayers he mutters
out of the temple; and to give his wishes to the public ear。
〃Persius; ii。 6。'
'See: 〃Letters To the Earth〃 by Mark Twain in the story of Abner
Schofield; Coal Dealer; Buffalo; N。Y。: for a discussion of the
contradictions between 'public' and 'private' prayers。 D。W。'
and this is the reason why the Pythagoreans would have them always public
and heard by every one; to the end they might not prefer indecent or
unjust petitions as this man:
〃Clare quum dixit; Apollo!
Labra movet; metuens audiri: Pulcra Laverna;
Da mihi fallere; da justum sanctumque videri;
Noctem peccatis; et fraudibus objice nubem。〃
'〃When he has clearly said Apollo! he moves his lips; fearful to be
heard; he murmurs: O fair Laverna; grant me the talent to deceive;
grant me to appear holy and just; shroud my sins with night; and
cast a cloud over my frauds。〃Horace; Ep。; i。 16; 59。 (Laverna
was the goddess of thieves。)
The gods severely punished the wicked prayers of OEdipus in granting
them: he had prayed that his children might amongst themselves determine
the succession to his throne by arms; and was so miserable as to see
himself taken at his word。 We are not to pray that all things may go as
we would have them; but as most concurrent with prudence。
We seem; in truth; to make use of our prayers as of a kind of jargon; and
as those do who employ holy words about sorceries and magical operations;
and as if we reckoned the benefit we are to reap from them as depending
upon the contexture; sound; and jingle of words; or upon the grave
composing of the countenance。 For having the soul contaminated with
concupiscence; not touched with repentance; or comforted by any late
reconciliation with God; we go to present Him such words as the memory
suggests to the tongue; and hope from thence to obtain the remission of
our sins。 There is nothing so easy; so sweet; and so favourable; as the
divine law: it calls and invites us to her; guilty and abominable as we
are; extends her arms and receives us into her bosom; foul and polluted
as we at present are; and are for the future to be。 But then; in return;
we are to look upon her with a respectful eye; we are to receive this
pardon with all gratitude arid submission; and for that instant at least;
wherein we address ourselves to her; to have the soul sensible of the
ills we have committed; and at enmity with those passions that seduced us
to offend her; neither the gods nor good men (says Plato) will accept the
present of a wicked man:
〃Immunis aram si terigit manus;
Non sumptuosa blandior hostia
Mollivit aversos Penates
Farre pio et saliente mica。〃
'〃If a pure hand has touched the altar; the pious offering of a
small cake and a few grains of salt will appease the offended gods
more effectually than costly sacrifices。〃
Horace; Od。; iii。 23; 17。'
CHAPTER LVII
OF AGE
I cannot allow of the way in which we settle for ourselves the duration
of our life。 I see that the sages contract it very much in comparison of
the common opinion: 〃what;〃 said the younger Cato to those who would stay
his hand from killing himself; 〃am I now of an age to be reproached that
I go out of the world too soon?〃 And yet he was but eight…and…forty
years old。 He thought that to be a mature and advanced age; considering
how few arrive unto it。 And such as; soothing their thoughts with I know
not what course of nature; promise to themselves some years beyond it;
could they be privileged from the infinite number of accidents to which
we are by a natural subjection exposed; they might have some reason so to
do。 What am idle conceit is it to expect to die of a decay of strength;
which is the effect of extremest age; and to propose to ourselves no
shorter lease of life than that; considering it is a kind of death of all
others the most rare and very seldom seen? We call that only a natural
death; as if it were contrary to nature to see a man break his neck with
a fall; be drowned in shipwreck; be snatched away with a pleurisy or the
plague; and as if our ordinary condition did not expose us to these
inconveniences。 Let us no longer flatter ourselves with these fine
words; we ought rather; peradventure; to call that natural which is
general; common; and universal。
To die of old age is a death rare; extraordinary; and singular;