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The Essays of Montaigne; V8

by Michel de Montaigne

Translated by Charles Cotton

Edited by William Carew Hazilitt

1877







CONTENTS OF VOLUME 8。


XLVIII。   Of war…horses; or destriers。
XLIX。     Of ancient customs。
L。        Of Democritus and Heraclitus。
LI。       Of the vanity of words。
LII。      Of the parsimony of the Ancients。
LIII。     Of a saying of Caesar。
LIV。      Of vain subtleties。
LV。       Of smells。
LVI。      Of prayers。
LVII。     Of age。





CHAPTER XLVIII

OF WAR HORSES; OR DESTRIERS


I here have become a grammarian; I who never learned any language but by
rote; and who do not yet know adjective; conjunction; or ablative。  I
think I have read that the Romans had a sort of horses by them called
'funales' or 'dextrarios'; which were either led horses; or horses laid
on at several stages to be taken fresh upon occasion; and thence it is
that we call our horses of service 'destriers'; and our romances commonly
use the phrase of 'adestrer' for 'accompagner'; to accompany。  They also
called those that were trained in such sort; that running full speed;
side by side; without bridle or saddle; the Roman gentlemen; armed at all
pieces; would shift and throw themselves from one to the other;
'desultorios equos'。  The Numidian men…at…arms had always a led horse in
one hand; besides that they rode upon; to change in the heat of battle:

    〃Quibus; desultorum in modum; binos trahentibus equos; inter
     acerrimam saepe pugnam; in recentem equum; ex fesso; armatis
     transultare mos erat: tanta velocitas ipsis; tamque docile
     equorum genus。〃

     '〃To whom it was a custom; leading along two horses; often in the
     hottest fight; to leap armed from a tired horse to a fresh one; so
     active were the men; and the horses so docile。〃Livy; xxiii。 29。'

There are many horses trained to help their riders so as to run upon any
one; that appears with a drawn sword; to fall both with mouth and heels
upon any that front or oppose them: but it often happens that they do
more harm to their friends than to their enemies; and; moreover; you
cannot loose them from their hold; to reduce them again into order; when
they are once engaged and grappled; by which means you remain at the
mercy of their quarrel。  It happened very ill to Artybius; general of the
Persian army; fighting; man to man; with Onesilus; king of Salamis; to be
mounted upon a horse trained after this manner; it being the occasion of
his death; the squire of Onesilus cleaving the horse down with a scythe
betwixt the shoulders as it was reared up upon his master。  And what the
Italians report; that in the battle of Fornova; the horse of Charles
VIII。; with kicks and plunges; disengaged his master from the enemy that
pressed upon him; without which he had been slain; sounds like a very
great chance; if it be true。

     'In the narrative which Philip de Commines has given of this battle;
     in which he himself was present (lib。  viii。  ch。  6); he tells us
     of wonderful performances by the horse on which the king was
     mounted。  The name of the horse was Savoy; and it was the most
     beautiful horse he had ever seen。  During the battle the king was
     personally attacked; when he had nobody near him but a valet de
     chambre; a little fellow; and not well armed。  〃The king;〃 says
     Commines; 〃had the best horse under him in the world; and therefore
     he stood his ground bravely; till a number of his men; not a great
     way from him; arrived at the critical minute。〃'

The Mamalukes make their boast that they have the most ready horses of
any cavalry in the world; that by nature and custom they were taught to
know and distinguish the enemy; and to fall foul upon them with mouth and
heels; according to a word or sign given; as also to gather up with their
teeth darts and lances scattered upon the field; and present them to
their riders; on the word of command。  'T is said; both of Caesar and
Pompey; that amongst their other excellent qualities they were both very
good horsemen; and particularly of Caesar; that in his youth; being
mounted on the bare back; without saddle or bridle; he could make the
horse run; stop; and turn; and perform all its airs; with his hands
behind him。  As nature designed to make of this person; and of Alexander;
two miracles of military art; so one would say she had done her utmost to
arm them after an extraordinary manner for every one knows that
Alexander's horse; Bucephalus; had a head inclining to the shape of a
bull; that he would suffer himself to be mounted and governed by none but
his master; and that he was so honoured after his death as to have a city
erected to his name。  Caesar had also one which had forefeet like those
of a man; his hoofs being divided in the form of fingers; which likewise
was not to be ridden; by any but Caesar himself; who; after his death;
dedicated his statue to the goddess Venus。

I do not willingly alight when I am once on horseback; for it is the
place where; whether well or sick; I find myself most at ease。  Plato
recommends it for health; as also Pliny says it is good for the stomach
and the joints。  Let us go further into this matter since here we are。

We read in Xenophon a law forbidding any one who was master of a horse to
travel on foot。  Trogus Pompeius and Justin say that the Parthians were
wont to perform all offices and ceremonies; not only in war but also all
affairs whether public or private; make bargains; confer; entertain; take
the air; and all on horseback; and that the greatest distinction betwixt
freemen and slaves amongst them was that the one rode on horseback and
the other went on foot; an institution of which King Cyrus was the
founder。

There are several examples in the Roman history (and Suetonius more
particularly observes it of Caesar) of captains who; on pressing
occasions; commanded their cavalry to alight; both by that means to take
from them all hopes of flight; as also for the advantage they hoped in
this sort of fight。

               〃Quo baud dubie superat Romanus;〃

     '〃Wherein the Roman does questionless excel。〃Livy; ix。 22。'

says Livy。  And so the first thing they did to prevent the mutinies and
insurrections of nations of late conquest was to take from them their
arms and horses; and therefore it is that we so often meet in Caesar:

          〃Arma proferri; jumenta produci; obsides dari jubet。〃

     '〃He commanded the arms to be produced; the horses brought out;
     hostages to be given。〃De Bello Gall。; vii。 II。'

The Grand Signior to this day suffers not a Christian or a Jew to keep a
horse of his own throughout his empire。

Our ancestors; and especially at the time they had war with the English;
in all their greatest engagements and pitched battles fought for the most
part on foot; that they might have nothing but their own force; courage;
and constancy to trust to in a quarrel of so great concern as life and
honour。  You stake (whatever Chrysanthes in Xenophon says to the
contrary) your valour and your fortune upon that of your horse; his
wounds or death bring your person into the same danger; his fear or fury
shall make you reputed rash or cowardly; if he have an ill mouth or will
not answer to the spur; your honour must answer for it。  And; therefore;
I do not think it strange that those battles were more firm and furious
than those that are fought on horseback:

               〃Caedebant pariter; pariterque ruebant
          Victores victique; neque his fuga nota; neque illis。〃

     '〃They fought and fell pell…mell; victors and vanquished; nor was
     flight thought of by either。〃AEneid; x。 756。'

Their battles were much better disputed。  Nowadays there are nothing but
routs:

          〃Primus clamor atque impetus rem decernit。〃

     '〃The first shout and charge decides the business。〃Livy; xxv。 41。'

And the means we choose to make use of in so great a hazard should be as
much as possible at our own command: wherefore I should advise to choose
weapons of the shortest sort; and such of which we are able to give the
best account。  A man may repose more confidence in a sword he holds in
his hand than in a bullet he discharges out of a pistol; wherein there
must be a concurrence of several circumstances to make it perform its
office; the powder; the stone; and the wheel: if any of which fail it
endangers your fortune。  A man himself strikes much surer than the air
can direct his blow:

          〃Et; quo ferre velint; permittere vulnera ventis
          Ensis habet vires; et gens quaecumque virorum est;
          Bella gerit gladiis。〃

     '〃And so where they choose to carry 'the arrows'; the winds allow
     the wounds; the sword has strength of arm: and whatever nation of
     men there is; they wage war with swords。〃Lucan; viii。 384。'

But of that weapon I shall speak more fully when I come to compare the
arms of the ancients with those of modern use; only; by the way; the
astonishment of the ear abated; which every one grows familiar with in a
short time; I look upon it as a weapon of very little execution; and hope
we shall one day 

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