心理学与生活-第90节

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！


contributions　within　the　psychoanalytic　field　would　represent　this　phase。　

Phase　3：　Women　as　Inherently　Different　and　Deviant。　Viewing　men　as　the　norm　and　women　
as　special　exceptions　occurs　in　Phase　3。　Freud’s　view　of　mature　female　sexuality　is　used　to　
illustrate　the　point。　Although　aware　of　the　sexual　role　of　the　clitoris；　Freud　insisted　that　mature　
sexuality　is　located　in　the　vagina。　Regarding　research；　Torrey　notes　that　when　differences　did　
appear；　psychologists　have　usually　interpreted　them　as　showing　female　inferiority。　Witkin；　for　
example；　described　the　holistic　style　of　perception　he　found　in　his　female　participants　as　a　
liability　to　thinking　analytically；　rather　than　as　a　capacity　for　global　synthesis　（Torrey；　1987；　p。　
157）。　

Phase　4：　Taking　the　Psychology　of　Women　Seriously。　This　phase　involves　the　feminist　study　
of　women；　their　development　and　social　rules。　Gilligan’s　challenge　to　Kohlberg’s　theory　
represents　this　stage；　as　does　Homer’s　extension　of　achievement　motivation　（McClelland）。　

Phase　5：　All　the　Human　Experience；　Psychology　Redefined。　A　paradigmatic　shift　would　be　
necessary　within　psychology　to　describe　the　human　experience　as　a　discipline。　Until　extensive　
work　concerning　women　is　acplished；　it　will　be　difficult　to　envision　the　changes　within　the　
field。　Do　different　theories　represent　different　phases？　Are　men　and　women　really　so　different？　
If　so；　what　are　the　social；　political；　and　economic　implications　of　personality　differences？　Since　
women　are　being　the　majority　in　the　field　of　psychology；　what　impact　do　you　think　this　will　
have　on　the　psychology　of　the　21st　century？　

278　


CHAPTER　14：　UNDERSTANDING　HUMAN　PERSONALITY　

BIOGRAPHICAL　PROFILE　

Gordon　Willard　Allport　（1897–1967）　

As　a　student；　Gordon　Allport　was　deeply　influenced　by　the　writings　of　William　James；　whom　he　
resembles　in　his　style　of　investigation　and　his　unpromising　interest　in　the　individual　as　self。　
Allport　was　born　in　Montezuma；　Indiana；　in　1897；　one　of　four　children。　His　father；　a　physician；　ran　
his　clinic　in　the　Allport　home。　He　indulged　his　strong　belief　in　the　imposition　of　discipline　and　
responsibility　at　an　early　age　by　assigning　each　of　his　sons　a　task　to　carry　out　in　the　clinic。　Mrs。　
Allport；　a　former　schoolteacher；　introduced　the　children　to　philosophy；　providing　them　with　the　
foundations　of　the　classics　and　encouraging　their　independent　inquiry　into　the　nature　of　things。　
She　was　a　religious　woman　and　stressed　the　importance　of　faith。　Allport　himself　has　described　his　
upbringing　as　one　of　“plain　Protestant　piety　and　hard　work。”　

On　pletion　of　high　school；　Allport　followed　his　brother　Floyd　to　Harvard。　His　education　was　
interrupted　briefly　when　he　served　a　short　time　in　the　armed　forces　during　World　War　I。　He　
eventually　earned　his　B。A。　in　1919。　Gordon　did　not　immediately　pursue　a　graduate　degree；　
choosing　instead　to　teach　in　Istanbul；　Turkey；　but　returned　to　Harvard　a　year　later　to　earn　his　
doctorate　in　psychology　at　the　age　of　24。　He　did　not　remain　in　the　United　States　for　long；　again　
feeling　the　need　to　travel　and　study　abroad。　This　time　Allport　spent　two　years　at　large　universities　
in　England　and　Germany。　When　he　returned；　he　secured　a　permanent　academic　position　at　
Harvard。　

Allport’s　most　significant　book；　Personality：　A　Psychological　Interpretation；　was　published　in　1937　

and　enjoyed　a　great　reception。　（The　book　was　thoroughly　revised　24　years　later　under　the　title　
Pattern　and　Growth　in　Personality。）　His　approach　to　understanding　human　personality　as　a　growing；　
changing　system　of　traits；　attitudes；　and　habits　became　well　known。　Allport　is　responsible　for　
emphasizing　the　importance　of　both　the　concept　of　attitudes　in　social　psychology　and　the　concept　
of　personality　traits。　

From　1939　to　1949；　he　was　the　Harvard　University　editor　of　the　Journal　of　Abnormal　and　Social　
Psychology　and　was　elected　president　of　the　American　Psychological　Association　in　1939。　He　cofounded　
the　Department　of　Social　Relations　at　Harvard　in　1946　and；　thereafter；　was　closely　
identified　with　the　“third　force”　in　psychology；　the　humanistic　psychologists。　Allport　received　the　
Distinguished　Scientific　Contribution　Award　in　1964　and　continued　to　pursue　his　research　and　
writing　until　his　death　in　1967。　

Hans　Jargon　Eysenck　（b。　1916）　

Hans　Eysenck；　the　grandson　of　a　medical　doctor　and　an　only　child；　was　born　in　Berlin；　Germany。　In　
order　to　gain　admission　to　the　University　of　Berlin；　Eysenck　was　required　to　join　the　Nazi　party　as　a　
member　of　the　SS。　He　tolerated　these　circumstances　for　only　a　short　time；　leaving　eventually　for　
France　and；　finally；　England。　Eysenck　studied　psychology　at　the　University　of　London；　obtaining　
his　Ph。D。　in　1940。　He　became　director　of　the　psychology　department　at　Maudsley　Hospital　in　
London　after　World　War　II；　and　has　traveled　often　to　the　United　States　as　a　visiting　professor。　

Eysenck’s　contributions　to　psychology　have　been　varied。　He　is　regarded　most　for　his　empirical　and　
theoretical　work　on　personality　and　his　contributions　to　behavior　therapy。　He　is　particularly　well　
known　for　his　personality　test　battery；　the　Eysenck　Personality　Inventory；　and　for　his　critical　review；　
in　1952；　of　the　value　and　effectiveness　of　psychotherapy；　especially　psychoanalysis；　in　the　

treatment　of　psychological　disorders。　Eysenck　founded　the　journal　Behavior　Research　and　Therapy　in　
1962；　and　is　the　author　of　more　than　350　books　and　articles；　including　the　Biological　Basis　of　
Personality　（1964）　and　Personality；　Structure　and　Measurement　（1969）。　

279　


PSYCHOLOGY　AND　LIFE　

Sigmund　Freud　（1856–1939）　

Sigmund　Freud　was　born　in　Pribor；　Czechoslovakia；　in　1856。　Although　Freud　was　a　gifted　student；　
it　took　him　eight　years　to　finish　his　medical　degree　at　the　University　of　Vienna；　partly　because　he　
was　interested　in　so　many　topics。　Freud　first　pursued　a　career　as　a　neurologist；　but　financial　
concerns　forced　him　into　general　medical　practice。　In　cooperation　with　his　friend　Joseph　Breuer；　
Freud　began　to　treat　hysterical　women。　This　is　unusual；　because　at　the　time　there　was　no　known　
cure　for　hysteria；　which　is　now　known　as　a　conversion　disorder。　Through　trial　and　error　and　
feedback　from　clients；　Breuer　and　Freud　developed　the　technique　known　as　psychoanalysis。　

The　fundamental　rule　of　psychoanalysis　is　honesty；　clients　must　relay　all　thoughts　and　feelings　
uncensored　to　the　analyst。　Clients　then　follow　their　stream　of　thought　wherever　it　may　lead；　a　
process　known　as　free　association。　In　the　course　of　free　association；　clients　often　uncover　traumatic　
events　in　the　past；　and；　upon　reliving　these　events；　often　experience　relief　from　their　symptoms。　

Freud’s　first　major　work；　The　Interpretation　of　Dreams　（1900）；　detailed　the　process　of　dream　
interpretation；　which　he　felt　was　the　“royal　road　to　the　unconscious。”　Although　it　took　six　years　to　
sell　the　first　600　copies　printed；　this　work　would　go　through　eight　additional　printings　during　
Freud’s　lifetime。　

Although　the　technique　of　psychoanalysis　is　perhaps　Freud’s　most　important　legacy；　he　made　
many　other　substantial　contributions　to　psychology。　These　include　the　recognition　of　the　
importance　of　sexuality　and　unconscious　processes；　a　fully　developed　system　of　personality；　and　
an　appreciation　for　the　conflict　between　individual　desires　and　the　constraints　of　society。　His　work　
has　influenced　so　many　aspects　of　our　thinking　that　he　is　often　not　given　full　credit　for　the　
development　of　his　ideas。　Freud’s　many　detractors　are　quick　to　point　out　that　his　theories　are　not　
based　on　empirical　research。　While　this　is　certainly　true；　just　because　they　lack　empirical　evidence　
does　not　mean　that　they　are　wrong。　It　just　means　that　they　are　less　likely　to　be　right。　Because　of　the　

breadth　of　his　intellectual　contributions；　he　remains　the　most　cited　psychologist　in　Psychology　and　
Life　and　most　parable　texts。　

Carl　Gustav　Jung　（1875–1961）　

Carl　Jung　was　born　in　Kesswil；　Switzerland；　the　son　of　a　pastor。　From　childhood；　Jung　was　

fascinated　by　the　problems　of　religion　and　spiritualism。　He　received　his　M。D。　from　the　University　of　
Basel　in　1901；　with　an　emphasis　in　psychiatry。　Having　read　Freud’s　The　Interpretation　of　Dreams；　he　
sought　the　master　out　and　soon　became　Freud’s　most　famous　disciple。　An　eventual　split　between　
Freud　and　Jung　occurred；　prompted　by　Jung’s　belief　that　the　psychosexual　theory　of　development　
was　too　restrictive。　

Jung　advanced　his　own　brand　of　psychology；　known　as　analytic　psychology；　introducing　the　
concepts　of　the　collective　unconscious　and　archetypes。　Like　Freud；　Jung　developed　a　large　
following　of　loyal　adherents。　In　his　later　writings；　Jung　returned　often　to　an　analysis　of　religion　and　
mysticism；　addressing　themes　that　had　fascinated　him　from　his　youth。　

Neal　Miller　（b。　1909）　

Neal　Miller　has　been　in　the　vanguard　of　American　psychology　for　more　than　30　years。　He　sees　
himself　as　a　“builder　of　bridges　between　disciplines”　and；　indeed；　his　contributions　run　the　gamut　
from　social…learning　theory　and　frustration…aggression　hypotheses；　to　physiological　research　into　
br