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BIOGRAPHICAL¡¡PROFILES¡¡

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science¡¡from¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Paris¡¡in¡¡1894¡£¡¡Binet¡¡was¡¡perhaps¡¡the¡¡most¡¡respected¡¡French¡¡
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hypnotism¡¡and¡¡suggestibility£»¡¡and¡¡became¡¡known¡¡for¡¡his¡¡studies¡¡of¡¡these¡¡phenomena¡¡before¡¡1900¡£¡¡

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first¡¡test¡¡of¡¡intelligence£»¡¡for¡¡which¡¡Binet¡¡was¡¡missioned¡¡by¡¡the¡¡French¡¡minister¡¡of¡¡public¡¡
instruction¡£¡¡The¡¡test¡¡would¡¡later¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡America£»¡¡being¡¡the¡¡Stanford¡­Binet¡¡Intelligence¡¡
Scale£»¡¡the¡¡most¡¡popular¡¡and¡¡most¡¡researched¡¡of¡¡the¡¡intelligence¡¡scales¡£¡¡

Lewis¡¡Madison¡¡Terman¡¡£¨1877¡ª1956£©¡¡

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Terman¡¯s¡¡first¡¡teaching¡¡position¡¡was¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Los¡¡Angeles¡¡Normal¡¡School£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡his¡¡academic¡¡
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subsequent¡¡development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡U¡£S¡£¡¡Army¡¡tests¡¡used¡¡during¡¡World¡¡War¡¡I¡£¡¡Additionally£»¡¡Terman¡¡
carried¡¡out¡¡an¡¡extensive¡¡longitudinal¡¡study¡¡of¡¡intellectually¡¡gifted¡¡children£»¡¡published¡¡in¡¡five¡¡
volumes¡¡from¡¡1925¡¡to¡¡1959£»¡¡the¡¡final¡¡volume¡¡appearing¡¡posthumously£»¡¡He¡¡was¡¡president¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
American¡¡Psychological¡¡Association¡¡in¡¡1923¡£¡¡

Sir¡¡Francis¡¡Galton¡¡£¨1822¡ª1911£©¡¡

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for¡¡pleasure¡¡at¡¡age¡¡seven¡¡and£»¡¡by¡¡modern¡¡estimates£»¡¡would¡¡have¡¡received¡¡an¡¡IQ¡¡score¡¡of¡¡
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Yea¡¡Event¡¡
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1859¡¡Charles¡¡Darwin¡¡published¡¡On¡¡the¡¡Origin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Species¡¡by¡¡a¡¡Means¡¡of¡¡Natural¡¡
Selection¡£¡¡
1869¡¡Sir¡¡Francis¡¡Galton¡¡published¡¡Hereditary¡¡Genius£º¡¡An¡¡Inquiry¡¡into¡¡its¡¡Laws¡¡and¡¡
Consequences£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡he¡¡attempted¡¡to¡¡show¡¡that¡¡intelligence¡¡is¡¡an¡¡inherited¡¡
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1904¡¡Charles¡¡Spearman¡¡published¡¡General¡¡Intelligence¡¡Objectively¡¡Determined¡¡and¡¡
Measured£»¡¡offering¡¡his¡¡view¡¡on¡¡general¡¡intelligence£»¡¡or¡¡¡°g¡±¡£¡¡
1905¡¡Alfred¡¡Binet¡¡and¡¡Theodore¡¡Simon¡¡developed¡¡the¡¡first¡¡useful¡¡intelligence¡¡test¡£¡¡
1917¡¡The¡¡Bolshevik¡¡revolution¡¡occurred¡¡in¡¡Russia¡£¡¡
19141918¡¡
World¡¡War¡¡I¡¡was¡¡fought¡£¡¡
1916¡¡Lewis¡¡Terman£»¡¡though¡¡not¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so£»¡¡published¡¡an¡¡English¡¡translation¡¡of¡¡
Binet¡¯s¡¡test£»¡¡Terman¡¯s¡¡translation¡¡had¡¡the¡¡advantage¡¡of¡¡using¡¡the¡¡concept¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
intelligence¡¡quotient¡¡£¨IQ£©¡£¡¡
1929¡¡The¡¡Great¡¡Depression¡¡began¡¡in¡¡America¡£¡¡
1938¡¡Louis¡¡Thurstone¡¡published¡¡his¡¡monograph¡¡on¡¡the¡¡seven¡¡primary¡¡mental¡¡abilities¡£¡¡
1939¡¡David¡¡Wechsler¡¡published¡¡The¡¡Measurement¡¡of¡¡Adult¡¡Intelligence£»¡¡introducing¡¡his¡¡
family¡¡of¡¡intelligence¡¡tests¡£¡¡Unlike¡¡the¡¡Stanford¡­Binet£»¡¡Wechsler¡¯s¡¡tests¡¡
emphasized¡¡both¡¡verbal¡¡intelligence¡¡and¡¡performance¡£¡¡
19391945¡¡
World¡¡War¡¡II¡¡was¡¡fought¡£¡¡
1969¡¡Arthur¡¡Jensen¡¡published¡¡How¡¡Much¡¡Can¡¡We¡¡Boost¡¡IQ¡¡and¡¡Scholastic¡¡Achievement£¿£»¡¡
which¡¡argued¡¡that¡¡racial¡¡differences¡¡were¡¡inherited¡£¡¡The¡¡article¡¡soon¡¡met¡¡with¡¡a¡¡
barrage¡¡of¡¡criticisms¡¡charging¡¡that¡¡Jensen¡¡was¡¡a¡¡racist¡£¡¡
1973¡¡Richard¡¡Herrnstein¡¡published¡¡IQ¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Meritocracy£»¡¡a¡¡controversial¡¡book¡¡stressing¡¡
the¡¡societal¡¡consequences¡¡of¡¡differences¡¡in¡¡intelligence¡£¡¡
1983¡¡Howard¡¡Gardner¡¡published¡¡Frames¡¡of¡¡Mind£º¡¡The¡¡Theory¡¡of¡¡Multiple¡¡Intelligences£»¡¡
outlining¡¡a¡¡new¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡intelligence¡¡that¡¡emphasized¡¡athletic£»¡¡musical£»¡¡and¡¡
interpersonal¡¡skills£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡mental¡¡skills£»¡¡in¡¡defining¡¡intelligence¡£¡¡
1984¡¡Robert¡¡Sternberg¡¡published¡¡Toward¡¡a¡¡Triarchic¡¡Theory¡¡of¡¡Intelligence£»¡¡outlining¡¡a¡¡
new¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡intelligence¡¡that¡¡stressed¡¡the¡¡multi¡­faceted¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡intelligence¡£¡¡

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overview¡¡of¡¡Gardner¡¯s¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡multiple¡¡intelligences¡£¡¡

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