心理学与生活-第36节

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result　of　the　interaction　of　exogenous　and　endogenous　influences。　

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CHAPTER　5：　PERCEPTION　

DISCOVERING　PSYCHOLOGY　

PROGRAM　3：　THE　BEHAVING　BRAIN　
Overview　

The　structure　and　position　of　the　brain：　how　neurons　function；　how　information　is　collected　and　
transmitted；　and　how　chemical　reactions　determine　every　thought；　feeling；　and　action。　

Key　Issues　

The　biology　of　the　brain；　how　the　brain　processes　information；　the　electroencephalogram　（EEG）；　
neurometric　evaluation；　the　effects　of　drugs　on　the　functions　of　the　brain；　the　brain’s　own　manufactured　
chemicals；　and　neurotransplantation。　

Demonstrations　

Multiple　brain　wave　recording　to　reveal　various　types　of　brain　malfunction。
Effects　of　chemicals　on　learning　and　memory　in　rats。


New　Interviews　

John　Gabrieli　illustrates　how　the　brain　stores　and　retrieves　information。　

PROGRAM　7：　SENSATION　AND　PERCEPTION　
Overview　

Explores　how　we　make　contact　with　the　world　outside　our　brain　and　body。　See　how　biological；　
cognitive；　social；　and　environmental　influences　shape　our　personal　sense　of　reality；　and　gain　
an　understanding　of　how　psychologists　use　perceptual　errors　to　study　how　the　constructive　
process　of　perception　works。　

Key　Issues　
Visual　illusions；　the　biology　of　perception；　the　visual　pathway；　how　the　brain　processes　
information　during　perception；　sensory　feedback　in　visual　perception；　and　perceptual　
constancy。　

Demonstrations　
Sensory　feedback　in　visual　perception。　A　Stanford　student　demonstrates　the　problems　football　
quarterbacks　face　in　the　adjustment　to　special　kinesthetic　cues　with　distortion　goggles　that　
displace　feedback　from　the　perceived　visual　field。　

Perceptual　constancy。　Philip　Zimbardo　demonstrates　visual　misperception　in　the　Ames　
distorted　room　in　the　Exploratorium　in　San　Francisco。　

Interviews　

Nobel　Prize　winner　David　Hubel　explains　the　mapping　of　the　reaction　of　receptor　cells　along　
the　visual　pathway　of　primates。　Hubel’s　award…winning　experiment　of　the　response　of　neurons　
to　electrical　activity　in　the　visual　cortex　of　a　cat　illustrates　his　point。　

Misha　Pavel　uses　puter　graphics　to　demonstrate　how　the　visual　system　of　the　brain　breaks　
down　and　rebines　visual　stimulation　into　recognizable；　coherent　images。　

FILMS　AND　VIDEOS　

A　Touch　of　Sensibility　（1981）。　BBC；　50　minutes　

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PSYCHOLOGY　AND　LIFE　

This　NOVA　presentation　discusses　the　importance　of　touch　and　the　effects　of　touch　deprivation。　
This　film　examines　the　importance　of　touch　for　development　at　various　age　levels。　Many　interesting　
areas　of　research　are　cited。　

Brain　Power　（1983）。　IU　（LCA）；　11　minutes　

Discusses　three　principles　of　perception　that　affect　how　a　person　receives　information：　recognition；　
interpretation；　and　expectation。　Throughout　the　film；　visual　cues；　puzzles；　and　optical　illusions　
remind　the　viewer　that　one’s　perceptions　can　be　easily　fooled。　A　brief；　clever　film　that　stimulates　
students’　interest　in　sensation　and　perception。　

Human　Perception：　A　Collection　of　Demonstrations　and　Effects　（1986）。　Hanover；　N。H。：　

Dartmouth　College；　Office　of　Instructional　Services　and　Educational　Research。　Contains　real…time　
segments；　single　frames；　picture　and　chapter　stops。　

The　Mind：　Pain　and　Healing　（1988）。　HARR；　24　minutes　

Reviews　the　influence　of　the　mind　on　people’s　ability　to　control　pain　and　on　their　ability　to　promote　
physical　healing。　An　excellent　film。　Traces　the　progress　of　a　woman　through　a　three…week　clinic　
program　to　reduce　chronic；　long…term　pain。　The　changes　in　her　movement　and　affect　are　dramatic。　
Demonstrates　the　placebo　effect；　and　shows　how　cues；　such　as　a　doctor’s　white　coat；　can　trigger　the　
release　of　endorphins　to　reduce　pain。　In　the　final　segment；　a　cancer　patient　discusses　how　the　
interaction　of　cognitive　therapy　with　physical　therapy　has　increased　her　life　expectancy　and　her　life　
quality。　

The　Senses：　Eyes　and　Ears　（1985）。　FFHS；　26　minutes　

Visual　and　auditory　distance　receptors　are　discussed。　Demonstrations　of　how　each　processes　
information　are　also　shown。　

The　Senses：　Skin　Deep　（1985）。　FFHS；　26　minutes　

The　sense　receptors　that　depend　on　immediate　contact　with　the　world—taste　buds；　olfactory　cells；　
and　touch　sensors—are　examined。　

CASE　STUDY　LECTURE　LAUNCHER　

One　night　in　1965；　a　United　Airlines　Boeing　727　started　a　steady　descent　to　Chicago’s　O’Hare　
Airport　from　an　altitude　of　22；000　feet。　Nineteen　miles　off　the　shore　of　Lake　Michigan；　the　plane　
plunged　into　the　lake。　One　month　later；　also　at　night；　an　American　Airlines　Boeing　727；　preparing　
to　land　at　Kentucky’s　Boone　County　Airport；　followed　the　thread　of　the　Ohio　River　toward　the　
runway　which　began　at　the　river’s　steep　south　bank。　The　plane　failed　to　make　the　runway；　and　
crashed　into　the　bank；　12　feet　below　the　runway。　One　night　in　early　1966；　an　Al　Nippon　Airlines　
Boeing　727　headed　toward　Tokyo　Bay。　The　pilot　could　see　the　lights　of　Tokyo　and　Yokohama　
clearly。　He　requested　and　received　permission　to　approach　using　visual　cues　rather　than　relying　
exclusively　on　the　instruments　of　the　plane。　The　pilot　had　not　even　let　down　the　wheels　or　extended　
the　flaps　when；　six　and　a　half　miles　from　the　runway；　the　plane　dove　into　Tokyo　Bay　at　240　knots。　

Preliminary　analyses　of　these　and　other　similar　cases　showed　that　all　of　the　accidents　occurred　at　
night；　under　clear　weather　conditions；　with　the　planes　flying　over　a　dark　area　of　water　or　land。　In　
every　case；　irregular　patterns　of　light　（as　opposed　to　grids　of　neatly　intersecting　lines　of　streetlights）　
in　the　distance　had　been　visible　to　the　pilots。　

In　a　way；　the　new　Boeing　727　design　was　partly　responsible　for　the　accidents；　because　it　was　so　
well　engineered。　In　earlier；　less　stable　models；　feedback　from　vibrations；　sounds　and　kinesthetic　
sensations　would　have　warned　pilots　that　they　were　descending　too　rapidly。　However；　it　was　more　
than　an　improved　design　that　had　caused　the　accidents。　

Using　a　flight　simulator；　engineering　psychologist　Conrad　Kraft　found　that　an　error　in　the　pilot’s　
visual　perception　was　responsible　for　each　of　the　accidents。　Pilots　making　a　visually　guided　
approach　over　a　dark　terrain　relied　on　the　relatively　constant　visual　angle　between　their　planes　and　

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CHAPTER　5：　PERCEPTION　

the　distant　light　patterns　in　determining　their　altitudes。　If　they　were　approaching　flat　terrain；　their　
altitude　estimates　were　generally　correct；　but　if　the　terrain　sloped　upward；　with　the　farthest　lights　
higher　than　the　closer　ones；　even　the　most　experienced　pilots　descended　to　dangerously　low　
altitudes。　With　no　visual　information　from　the　“black　hole”　below　them；　the　pilots　overestimated　
their　distance　from　the　ground　and　inappropriately　adjusted　their　descent　angles。　

Why　didn’t　the　pilots　also　use　their　altimeters；　which　indicated　altitude　accurately？　When　landing　
an　airplane；　a　pilot　must　monitor　several　functions　at　once–such　as　air　speed；　engine　settings；　
altitude；　glide　slope；　angle　of　attack；　and　heading–while　also　responding　to　air　traffic　controller　
directions　and　watching　for　other　aircraft。　With　all　of　these　responsibilities；　especially　when　
visibility　is　good；　pilots　may　fail　to　check　their　altimeters　and　instead　rely　on　visual　cues　from　the　
cockpit。　After　Dr。　Kraft　solved　the　mystery　of　the　accidents；　mercial　airlines　around　the　world　
informed　pilots　of　the　conditions　under　which　they　might　misjudge　altitude　on　approach　to　
landing。　Psychologists　such　as　Dr。　Kraft　study　perception　in　order　to　learn　how　the　major　sensory　
systems　of　the　body　help　（and　sometimes　trick）　us　in　gathering　information　about　the　environments　
in　which　we　live；　work；　and　play。　

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CHAPTER　6　
Mind；　Consciousness；　and　Alternate　States　

LEARNING　OBJECTIVES　

On　pletion　of　this　chapter；　students　should　be　able　to：　

1。　Identify　and　provide　examples　of　the　three　levels　of　consciousness　
2。　Describe　the　origins　of　the　mind—body　problem；　and　Descartes’　mechanistic　approach　to　it　
via　his　theory　of　the　animal　machine　
Explain　the　philosophical　and　theoretical　differences　between　dualism　and　monism　

4。　Define　the　concepts　of　the　personal　construction　of　reality；　the　cultural　construction　of　
reality；　and　the　significance　of　consensual　validation　of　both　
5。　Define　and　give　examples　of　circadian　rhythms　
6。　Identify　the　five　stages　of　sleep；　as　well　as　the　functions　of　REM　sleep　
7。　Explain　the　four　major　types　of　sleep　disorders　
8。　Describe　both　the　basic　premises　of　Freudian　dream　analysis　and　the　activation　synthesis　
hypothesis　of　dreaming　
9。　Explain　extended　states　of　consciousness；　such　as　hypnosis；　meditation；　and　hallucination　
10。　Describe　the　effects　of　psychoactive　substances　
CHAPTER　OUTLINE　

I。　The　Contents　of　Consciousness　
A。　This　chapter　discusses　ordinary　states　of　consciousness　and　the　mind–body　problem；　as　
well　as　the　more　unusual　experiences　that　are　part　of　the　human　potential；　such　as　
hallucinations；　hypnosis；　and　dreams　
B。　Awareness　and　Consciousness　
C。　Consciousness　is　an　ambiguous　term　that　can　refer　to　a　general　state　of　mind　or　to　its　
specific　contents　
1。　The　contents　of