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greenhouse¡¡her¡¡countenance¡¡bees¡¡radiant£»¡¡and¡¡she¡¡will¡¡tell¡¡the¡¡names¡¡of¡¡the¡¡flowers¡¡with¡¡which¡¡
she¡¡is¡¡familiar£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡smell¡¡alone¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡She¡¡enjoys¡¡in¡¡anticipation¡¡the¡¡scent¡¡of¡¡a¡¡rose¡¡or¡¡a¡¡
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near¡¡my¡¡nostrils¡¡dilate£»¡¡the¡¡better¡¡to¡¡receive¡¡the¡¡flood¡¡of¡¡earth¡¡odors£»¡¡which¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡multiply¡¡and¡¡
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farther£»¡¡the¡¡odors¡¡fade£»¡¡bee¡¡fainter¡¡and¡¡fainter¡¡and¡¡die¡¡away¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡bar¡¡of¡¡space¡£¡±¡¡£¨Keller£»¡¡
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Annie¡¡Sullivan¡¡reported¡¡that¡¡Helen¡¯s¡¡¡°whole¡¡body¡¡is¡¡so¡¡finely¡¡organized¡¡that¡¡she¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡use¡¡it¡¡as¡¡
a¡¡medium¡¡for¡¡bringing¡¡herself¡¡into¡¡closer¡¡relations¡¡with¡¡her¡¡fellow¡¡creatures¡£¡±¡¡Annie¡¡was¡¡puzzled¡¡
at¡¡first¡¡by¡¡Helen¡¯s¡¡¡°inexplicable¡¡mental¡¡faculty¡±¡¡for¡¡picking¡¡up¡¡emotions¡¡and¡¡physical¡¡sensations¡£¡¡
She¡¡soon¡¡realized£»¡¡though£»¡¡that¡¡Helen¡¡had¡¡developed¡¡an¡¡exquisite¡¡sensitivity¡¡to¡¡the¡¡muscular¡¡
variations¡¡of¡¡those¡¡around¡¡her¡£¡¡¡°One¡¡day£»¡¡while¡¡she¡¡was¡¡out¡¡walking¡¡with¡¡her¡¡mother£»¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡a¡¡boy¡¡
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nor¡¡hear£»¡¡Helen¡¡Keller¡¡extracted¡¡a¡¡great¡¡deal¡¡of¡¡sensory¡¡information¡¡from¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡She¡¡did¡¡not¡¡
perceive¡¡color£»¡¡light£»¡¡and¡¡sound¡¡through¡¡ordinary¡¡channels¡£¡¡Instead£»¡¡she¡¡¡°heard¡±¡¡symphonies¡¡by¡¡
placing¡¡her¡¡hands¡¡on¡¡a¡¡radio¡¡to¡¡feel¡¡the¡¡vibrations£»¡¡and¡¡she¡¡¡°saw¡±¡¡where¡¡a¡¡person¡¡had¡¡been¡¡by¡¡
picking¡¡up¡¡the¡¡scent¡¡of¡¡his¡¡or¡¡her¡¡clothes¡£¡¡Her¡¡ability¡¡to¡¡pensate¡¡for¡¡her¡¡sensory¡¡disabilities¡¡hints¡¡
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experience¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡around¡¡us¡¡into¡¡the¡¡fabric¡¡of¡¡our¡¡very¡¡being¡£¡¡

70¡¡


CHAPTER¡¡5
Perception


LEARNING¡¡OBJECTIVES¡¡

On¡¡pletion¡¡of¡¡this¡¡chapter£»¡¡students¡¡should¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to£º¡¡

1¡£¡¡Understand¡¡the¡¡relationship¡¡between¡¡sensation¡¡and¡¡perception¡¡
2¡£¡¡Explain¡¡the¡¡perceptual¡¡concepts¡¡of¡¡reality£»¡¡ambiguity£»¡¡and¡¡illusion¡¡
3¡£¡¡Describe¡¡the¡¡roles£¨s£©¡¡played¡¡by¡¡attention¡¡in¡¡the¡¡processes¡¡of¡¡perception¡¡
4¡£¡¡Define¡¡the¡¡concepts¡¡of¡¡preattentive¡¡processing¡¡and¡¡guided¡¡search¡¡
5¡£¡¡Explicate¡¡the¡¡Gestalt¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡figure£»¡¡ground£»¡¡and¡¡closure£»¡¡and¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡give¡¡examples¡¡
of¡¡each¡¡
6¡£¡¡Describe¡¡the¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡perceptual¡¡grouping¡¡
7¡£¡¡Define¡¡the¡¡concepts¡¡of¡¡motion¡¡and¡¡depth¡¡perception¡¡
8¡£¡¡Explain¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡perceptual¡¡constancy¡¡in¡¡perceptual¡¡processes¡¡
9¡£¡¡Describe¡¡the¡¡significance¡¡of¡¡identification¡¡and¡¡recognition¡¡in¡¡the¡¡overall¡¡process¡¡of
perception
CHAPTER¡¡OUTLINE¡¡

I¡£¡¡Sensing£»¡¡Organizing£»¡¡Identifying£»¡¡and¡¡Recognizing¡¡
A¡£¡¡The¡¡Proximal¡¡and¡¡Distal¡¡Stimulus¡¡
1¡£¡¡Perception¡¡is¡¡the¡¡set¡¡of¡¡processes¡¡that¡¡organize¡¡information¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
sensory¡¡image¡¡and¡¡interpret¡¡that¡¡information¡¡as¡¡having¡¡been¡¡
produced¡¡by¡¡objects¡¡or¡¡events¡¡in¡¡the¡¡external¡¡world¡¡
2¡£¡¡Perceptual¡¡organization¡¡refers¡¡to¡¡the¡¡internal¡¡representation¡¡of¡¡an¡¡
object¡¡
3¡£¡¡A¡¡distal¡¡stimulus¡¡is¡¡a¡¡physical¡¡object¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡
4¡£¡¡A¡¡proximal¡¡stimulus¡¡is¡¡the¡¡optical¡¡image¡¡of¡¡a¡¡distal¡¡stimulus¡¡that¡¡
appear¡¡on¡¡the¡¡retina¡¡
B¡£¡¡Reality£»¡¡Ambiguity£»¡¡and¡¡Illusions¡¡
1¡£¡¡Ambiguity¡¡means¡¡that¡¡a¡¡single¡¡image¡¡at¡¡the¡¡sensory¡¡level¡¡can¡¡result¡¡in¡¡
multiple¡¡interpretations¡¡at¡¡the¡¡perceptual¡¡and¡¡identification¡¡levels¡¡
2¡£¡¡When¡¡your¡¡perceptual¡¡systems¡¡deceive¡¡you¡¡into¡¡experiencing¡¡a¡¡
stimulus¡¡pattern¡¡in¡¡a¡¡manner¡¡that¡¡is¡¡demonstrably¡¡incorrect£»¡¡you¡¡are¡¡
experiencing¡¡an¡¡illusion¡¡
C¡£¡¡Approaches¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Study¡¡of¡¡Perception¡¡
1¡£¡¡Helmholtz¡¡argued¡¡for¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡experience£»¡¡or¡¡nurture£»¡¡in¡¡
perception¡¡
72¡¡


CHAPTER¡¡5£º¡¡PERCEPTION¡¡

2¡£¡¡Gestalt¡¡psychology¡¡put¡¡greater¡¡emphasis¡¡on¡¡the¡¡role¡¡of¡¡innate¡¡
structures£»¡¡or¡¡nature£»¡¡in¡¡perceptual¡¡experience¡¡
3¡£¡¡The¡¡Gibsons¡¡suggested¡¡that¡¡perception¡¡could¡¡be¡¡better¡¡understood¡¡
through¡¡an¡¡analysis¡¡of¡¡the¡¡immediately¡¡surrounding¡¡environment¡¡
a£©¡¡Gibson¡¯s¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡ecological¡¡optics¡¡focused¡¡attention¡¡on¡¡
properties¡¡of¡¡external¡¡stimuli¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡on¡¡the¡¡mechanisms¡¡
by¡¡which¡¡you¡¡perceive¡¡the¡¡stimuli¡¡

II¡£Attentional¡¡Processes¡¡
A¡£¡¡Selective¡¡Attention¡¡
1¡£¡¡In¡¡1958¡¡Donald¡¡Broadbent¡¡proposed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡functions¡¡as¡¡a¡¡
munications¡¡channel£»¡¡like¡¡a¡¡telephone¡¡line¡¡or¡¡puter¡¡modem£»¡¡
that¡¡has¡¡a¡¡limited¡¡capacity¡¡to¡¡process¡¡information¡¡
2¡£¡¡The¡¡brain¡¯s¡¡limited¡¡processing¡¡capacity¡¡makes¡¡it¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡attend¡¡
to¡¡everything¡¡and¡¡makes¡¡the¡¡filtering¡¡of¡¡information¡¡to¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡
necessary¡¡
3¡£¡¡Broadbent¡¯s¡¡Filter¡¡Theory¡¡of¡¡Attention¡¡asserted¡¡that¡¡this¡¡filtering¡¡
occurs¡¡early¡¡in¡¡the¡¡process£»¡¡before¡¡the¡¡input¡¯s¡¡meaning¡¡is¡¡assessed¡¡
4¡£¡¡Dichotic¡¡listening¡¡tasks¡¡were¡¡used¡¡to¡¡test¡¡filter¡¡theory£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡
found¡¡that¡¡not¡¡all¡¡information¡¡is¡¡filtered¡¡
5¡£¡¡The¡¡cocktail¡¡party¡¡phenomenon¡¡occurs¡¡when¡¡an¡¡individual¡¡hears¡¡
their¡¡own¡¡name¡¡mentioned¡¡across¡¡a¡¡noisy¡¡room¡¡although¡¡the¡¡
individual¡¡is¡¡participating¡¡in¡¡an¡¡unrelated¡¡conversation¡£¡¡Thus£»¡¡even¡¡
information¡¡to¡¡which¡¡an¡¡individual¡¡is¡¡not¡¡attending¡¡is¡¡processed¡¡to¡¡
some¡¡extent¡£¡¡
6¡£¡¡As¡¡a¡¡general¡¡rule£»¡¡information¡¡that¡¡is¡¡not¡¡attended¡¡to¡¡will¡¡not¡¡make¡¡its¡¡
presence¡¡known£»¡¡unless¡¡it¡¡is¡¡very¡¡distinct¡¡or¡¡personally¡¡relevant¡¡
B¡£¡¡Attention¡¡and¡¡Objects¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Environment¡¡
1¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡functions¡¡of¡¡attention¡¡is¡¡to¡¡help¡¡you¡¡find¡¡particular¡¡
objects¡¡in¡¡a¡¡noisy¡¡visual¡¡environment¡¡
2¡£¡¡plex¡¡processing¡¡occurs¡¡without¡¡attention¡¡or¡¡awareness¡¡
3¡£¡¡Preattentive¡¡processing¡¡operates¡¡on¡¡sensory¡¡inputs¡¡before¡¡you¡¡attend¡¡to¡¡
them£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡first¡¡enter¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡from¡¡sensory¡¡receptors¡¡
a£©¡¡Is¡¡skilled¡¡at¡¡finding¡¡objects¡¡that¡¡can¡¡be¡¡defined¡¡by¡¡a¡¡single¡¡
feature¡¡

b£©¡¡Allows¡¡parallel¡¡search¡¡of¡¡the¡¡environment¡¡for¡¡a¡¡single¡¡
prominent¡¡feature¡¡

£¨i£©¡¡Parallel¡¡search¡¡allows¡¡the¡¡consideration¡¡of¡¡many¡¡
objects¡¡at¡¡once¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Serial¡¡search¡¡allows¡¡the¡¡consideration¡¡of¡¡only¡¡one¡¡
object¡¡at¡¡a¡¡time¡¡
c£©¡¡Allows¡¡guided¡¡search¡¡of¡¡the¡¡environment¡¡and¡¡provides¡¡
relatively¡¡sophisticated¡¡assistance¡¡in¡¡finding¡¡objects¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

73¡¡


PSYCHOLOGY¡¡AND¡¡LIFE¡¡

environment¡¡

III¡£¡¡Organizational¡¡Processes¡¡in¡¡Perception¡¡
A¡£¡¡Perceptual¡¡Organization¡¡refers¡¡to¡¡the¡¡processes¡¡that¡¡put¡¡sensory¡¡information¡¡together¡¡to¡¡
give¡¡you¡¡the¡¡perception¡¡of¡¡coherence¡£¡¡What¡¡a¡¡person¡¡experiences¡¡as¡¡a¡¡result¡¡of¡¡these¡¡
processes¡¡is¡¡called¡¡a¡¡percept¡£¡¡
B¡£¡¡Figure£»¡¡Ground£»¡¡and¡¡Closure¡¡
1¡£¡¡A¡¡figure¡¡is¡¡an¡¡object¡¡in¡¡the¡¡foreground¡¡of¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡field¡¡
2¡£¡¡The¡¡ground¡¡is¡¡the¡¡background¡¡against¡¡which¡¡the¡¡object¡¡is¡¡seen¡¡
3¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡a¡¡strong¡¡tendency¡¡to¡¡perceive¡¡a¡¡figure¡¡as¡¡being¡¡in¡¡front¡¡of¡¡a¡¡
ground¡¡
4¡£¡¡Illusory¡¡contours¡¡are¡¡divisions¡¡or¡¡regions¡¡that¡¡do¡¡not¡¡exist¡¡in¡¡the¡¡distal¡¡
stimulus£»¡¡but¡¡do¡¡exist¡¡in¡¡the¡¡proximal¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stimulus¡¡
5¡£¡¡Closure¡¡is¡¡a¡¡powerful¡¡organizing¡¡process¡¡that¡¡fills¡¡in¡¡missing¡¡areas¡¡
and¡¡makes¡¡inplete¡¡figures¡¡or¡¡patterns¡¡appear¡¡plete¡¡
C¡£¡¡Principles¡¡of¡¡Perceptual¡¡Grouping¡¡
1¡£¡¡The¡¡Law¡¡of¡¡Proximity¡¡states¡¡that¡¡all¡¡else¡¡being¡¡equal£»¡¡the¡¡nearest¡¡
elements¡¡are¡¡grouped¡¡together¡¡
2¡£¡¡The¡¡Law¡¡of¡¡Similarity¡¡states¡¡that¡¡all¡¡else¡¡being¡¡equal£»¡¡the¡¡most¡¡similar¡¡
elements¡¡are¡¡grouped¡¡together¡¡
3¡£¡¡The¡¡Law¡¡of¡¡mon¡¡Fate¡¡states¡¡that¡¡all¡¡else¡¡being¡¡equal£»¡¡elements¡¡
moving¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡direction¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡speed¡¡are¡¡
grouped¡¡together¡¡
4¡£¡¡The¡¡Law¡¡of¡¡Pragnanz¡¡is¡¡a¡¡general¡¡law¡¡that¡¡states¡¡that¡¡individuals¡¡
perceive¡¡the¡¡simplest¡¡organization¡¡that¡¡fits¡¡the¡¡stimulus¡¡pattern¡¡
D¡£¡¡Spatial¡¡and¡¡Temporal¡¡Integration¡¡
1¡£¡¡Individuals¡¡are¡¡often¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡detect¡¡when¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡object¡¡has¡¡
changed¡¡from¡¡one¡¡fixation¡¡to¡¡another¡¡
2¡£¡¡A¡¡fixation¡¡is¡¡one¡¡glance¡¡or¡¡brief¡¡glimpse¡¡
E¡£¡¡Motion¡¡Perception¡¡
1¡£¡¡Motion¡¡perception¡¡requires¡¡parison¡¡across¡¡different¡¡fixations¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡world¡¡and¡¡is¡¡dependent¡¡on¡¡reference¡¡frame¡¡
2¡£¡¡Induced¡¡motion¡¡occurs¡¡when¡¡a¡¡stationary¡¡object¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡be¡¡moving¡¡
because¡¡a¡¡reference¡¡frame¡¡to¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡being¡¡pared¡¡is¡¡moving¡£¡¡
There¡¡is¡¡a¡¡tendency¡¡for¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡system¡¡to¡¡take¡¡a¡¡larger£»¡¡surrounding¡¡
figure¡¡as¡¡the¡¡reference¡¡frame¡¡for¡¡a¡¡smaller¡¡figure¡¡inside¡¡it¡£¡¡
3¡£¡¡The¡¡simplest¡¡form¡¡of¡¡apparent¡¡motion¡¡is¡¡the¡¡phi¡¡phenomenon£»¡¡which¡¡
occurs¡¡when¡¡two¡¡stationary¡¡spots¡¡of¡¡light¡¡are¡¡turned¡¡on¡¡and¡¡off¡¡
alternately¡¡very¡¡quickly¡£¡¡It¡¡appears¡¡that¡¡a¡¡single¡¡light¡¡is¡¡moving¡¡back¡¡
and¡¡forth¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡spots¡¡of¡¡light¡£¡¡
F¡£¡¡Depth¡¡Perception¡¡
74¡¡


CHAPTER¡¡5£º¡¡PERCEPTION¡¡

1¡£¡¡Depth¡¡perception¡¡requires¡¡that¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡system¡¡extract¡¡three¡­
dimensional¡¡representations¡¡from¡¡two¡­dimensional¡¡information¡¡
2¡£¡¡Vision¡¡relies¡¡on¡¡depth¡¡cues¡¡that¡¡allow¡¡the¡¡interpretation¡¡of¡¡sensory¡¡
input¡¡
G¡£¡¡Binocular¡¡and¡¡Motion¡¡Cues¡¡
1¡£¡¡Binocular¡¡disparity¡¡is¡¡the¡¡dis

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