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especially¡¡for¡¡the¡¡sensations¡¡of¡¡temperature¡¡and¡¡touch¡£¡¡Weber¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡investigate¡¡the¡¡two¡­
point¡¡threshold¡¡for¡¡touch£»¡¡observing¡¡that¡¡sensitivity¡¡to¡¡touch¡¡varied¡¡across¡¡different¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
body¡¡and¡¡demonstrating¡¡that¡¡regions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡¡are¡¡differentially¡¡sensitive¡¡to¡¡tactile¡¡stimulation¡£¡¡
Weber¡¯s¡¡analysis¡¡of¡¡difference¡¡thresholds¡¡led¡¡to¡¡the¡¡finding¡¡that¡¡the¡¡size¡¡of¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡threshold¡¡
remains¡¡a¡¡constant¡¡fraction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stimulus¡¡intensity£»¡¡an¡¡orderly¡¡relationship¡¡referred¡¡to¡¡as¡¡Weber¡¯s¡¡
Law¡£¡¡

Ronald¡¡Melzack¡¡£¨b¡£¡¡1929£©¡¡

Ronald¡¡Melzack¡¡was¡¡raised¡¡and¡¡educated¡¡in¡¡Montreal£»¡¡Canada£»¡¡obtaining¡¡his¡¡Ph¡£D¡£¡¡from¡¡McGill¡¡
University¡¡in¡¡1958¡£¡¡He¡¡conducted¡¡research¡¡in¡¡pain¡¡sensation¡¡at¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Oregon¡¡Medical¡¡
School¡¡from¡¡1954¡¡to¡¡1957¡£¡¡Following¡¡this£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡visiting¡¡lecturer¡¡at¡¡University¡¡College£»¡¡London£»¡¡
and¡¡spent¡¡a¡¡year¡¡conducting¡¡physiological¡¡research¡¡in¡¡Italy¡¡at¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Pisa¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡
appointed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡faculty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Massachusetts¡¡Institute¡¡of¡¡Technology¡¡£¨MIT£©¡¡in¡¡1959£»¡¡but¡¡returned¡¡to¡¡
McGill¡¡University¡¡in¡¡1963¡£¡¡

Melzack¡¯s¡¡doctoral¡¡research¡¡on¡¡pain¡¡in¡¡experimental¡¡animals¡¡resulted¡¡in¡¡his¡¡collaboration¡¡with¡¡
Patrick¡¡Wall¡£¡¡Out¡¡of¡¡this¡¡effort¡¡emerged¡¡the¡¡gate¡­control¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡pain£»¡¡which¡¡remains¡¡today¡¡the¡¡
most¡¡widely¡¡accepted¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡pain¡¡sensation¡¡and¡¡regulation¡£¡¡Its¡¡implications¡¡have¡¡influenced¡¡not¡¡
only¡¡basic¡¡research¡¡on¡¡pain¡¡but¡¡also¡¡the¡¡clinical¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡pain¡¡management¡£¡¡Melzack¡¡continues¡¡to¡¡
refine¡¡and¡¡modify¡¡this¡¡successful¡¡theory¡£¡¡

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CHAPTER¡¡4£º¡¡SENSATION¡¡

TIMELINE¡¡

Year¡¡Event¡¡
1838¡¡Johannes¡¡M¨¹ller¡¡formulated¡¡his¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡specific¡¡nerve¡¡energies£»¡¡which¡¡states¡¡that¡¡
sensory¡¡experience¡¡depends¡¡not¡¡on¡¡the¡¡stimulus£»¡¡but¡¡on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nervous¡¡system¡¡
that¡¡is¡¡activated¡£¡¡
1839¡¡M¡£¡¡E¡£¡¡Chevreul¡¡published¡¡On¡¡the¡¡Law¡¡of¡¡simultaneous¡¡Contrast¡¡of¡¡Colors¡£¡¡
1843¡¡S¡£ren¡¡Kierkegaard¡¡published¡¡Either/Or¡£¡¡
1846¡¡Ernst¡¡Weber¡¡postulated¡¡that¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡threshold¡¡is¡¡a¡¡constant¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡initial¡¡
stimulus¡¡intensity£»¡¡a¡¡notion¡¡later¡¡formalized¡¡as¡¡Weber¡¯s¡¡Law¡£¡¡
1855¡¡Walt¡¡Whitman¡¡published¡¡Leaves¡¡of¡¡Grass¡£¡¡
1857¡¡Based¡¡on¡¡the¡¡earlier¡¡work¡¡of¡¡Thomas¡¡Young£»¡¡Hermann¡¡von¡¡Helmholtz¡¡proposed¡¡that¡¡color¡¡
vision¡¡is¡¡due¡¡to¡¡three¡¡different¡¡types¡¡of¡¡color¡¡receptors¡¡£¨cones£©£»¡¡each¡¡of¡¡which¡¡is¡¡sensitive¡¡to¡¡
a¡¡specific¡¡range¡¡of¡¡wavelengths¡¡of¡¡light¡£¡¡
1860¡¡Gustav¡¡Fechner¡¡published¡¡Elemente¡¡der¡¡Psychophysik£»¡¡marking¡¡the¡¡founding¡¡of¡¡
psychophysics£»¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡relationship¡¡between¡¡subjective¡¡experience¡¡and¡¡physical¡¡
stimulation¡£¡¡
1898¡¡The¡¡Spanish¡­American¡¡War¡¡was¡¡fought¡£¡¡
1929¡¡The¡¡Great¡¡Depression¡¡began¡¡with¡¡the¡¡stock¡¡market¡¡crash¡£¡¡
1938¡¡H¡£¡¡Keffer¡¡Hartline¡¡discovered¡¡that¡¡optic¡¡nerve¡¡fibers¡¡respond¡¡to¡¡stimulation¡¡from¡¡different¡¡
receptive¡¡fields¡£¡¡
19501953¡¡
The¡¡Korean¡¡War¡¡was¡¡fought¡£¡¡
1954¡¡Tanner¡¡and¡¡Swets¡¡proposed¡¡the¡¡application¡¡of¡¡signal¡¡detection¡¡theory¡¡to¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡
thresholds¡£¡¡
1954¡¡The¡¡first¡¡hydrogen¡¡bomb¡¡was¡¡exploded¡£¡¡
1957¡¡S¡£¡¡S¡£¡¡Stevens¡¡demonstrated¡¡that¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡one¡¯s¡¡subjective¡¡impression¡¡of¡¡stimulus¡¡
magnitude¡¡are¡¡a¡¡power¡¡function¡¡of¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡stimulus¡¡magnitude¡£¡¡
1957¡¡Leo¡¡Hurvich¡¡and¡¡Dorothea¡¡Jameson£»¡¡building¡¡on¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡Ewald¡¡Hering£»¡¡postulated¡¡
the¡¡theory¡¡that¡¡color¡¡vision¡¡is¡¡based¡¡on¡¡opposing¡¡neural¡¡processes£»¡¡the¡¡opponent¡­process¡¡
theory¡¡of¡¡color¡¡vision¡£¡¡
1959¡¡David¡¡Hubel¡¡and¡¡Torsten¡¡Wiesel¡¡discovered¡¡that¡¡cells¡¡in¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡cortex¡¡of¡¡cats¡¡£¨and£»¡¡in¡¡
1968£»¡¡of¡¡monkeys£©¡¡respond¡¡differentially¡¡to¡¡form¡¡and¡¡movement¡£¡¡

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PSYCHOLOGY¡¡AND¡¡LIFE¡¡

SUGGESTIONS¡¡FOR¡¡FURTHER¡¡READINGS¡¡

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MIT¡¡Press¡£¡¡Explores¡¡the¡¡mental¡¡aspects¡¡of¡¡visual¡¡processing¡£¡¡Discusses¡¡the¡¡important¡¡research£»¡¡
discoveries£»¡¡and¡¡insights¡¡in¡¡various¡¡areas¡¡of¡¡research¡¡on¡¡visual¡¡cognition¡¡and¡¡attempts¡¡to¡¡
integrate¡¡work¡¡from¡¡related¡¡fields¡£¡¡

Kosslyn£»¡¡S¡££»¡¡&¡¡Koenig£»¡¡O¡£¡¡£¨1992£©¡£¡¡Wet¡¡Mind£º¡¡The¡¡New¡¡Cognitive¡¡Neuroscience¡£¡¡New¡¡York£º¡¡Free¡¡Press¡£¡¡A¡¡
prehensive£»¡¡integrated£»¡¡and¡¡accessible¡¡overview¡¡of¡¡recent¡¡insights¡¡into¡¡how¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡gives¡¡
rise¡¡to¡¡mental¡¡activity¡£¡¡Examines¡¡a¡¡large¡¡number¡¡of¡¡syndromes¡¡that¡¡occur¡¡following¡¡brain¡¡
damage£»¡¡and¡¡accounts¡¡for¡¡them¡¡according¡¡to¡¡an¡¡analysis¡¡of¡¡the¡¡operation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡normal¡¡brain¡£¡¡The¡¡
authors¡¡also¡¡present¡¡an¡¡interesting¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡consciousness¡£¡¡

Link£»¡¡S¡£¡¡£¨1994£©¡£¡¡Rediscovering¡¡the¡¡Past£º¡¡Gustav¡¡Fechner¡¡and¡¡Signal¡¡Detection¡¡Theory¡£¡¡Psychological¡¡
Science£»¡¡5£¨6£©£»¡¡335¡­340¡£¡¡Suggests¡¡that¡¡the¡¡origins¡¡of¡¡experimental¡¡psychology¡¡are¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
theoretical¡¡works¡¡of¡¡Gustav¡¡Fechner¡¡and¡¡that¡¡Fechner¡¡is¡¡not¡¡given¡¡the¡¡credit¡¡that¡¡he¡¡is¡¡due¡¡for¡¡
his¡¡contributions¡£¡¡Argues¡¡that¡¡his¡¡works¡¡spawned¡¡many¡¡new¡¡ideas¡¡and¡¡theories£»¡¡including¡¡the¡¡
response¡¡bias¡¡found¡¡in¡¡signal¡¡detection¡¡theory¡£¡¡

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Sekuler£»¡¡R¡£¡¡£¨1995£©¡£¡¡Motion¡¡Perception¡¡as¡¡a¡¡Partnership£º¡¡Exogenous¡¡and¡¡Endogenous¡¡Contributions¡£¡¡Current¡¡
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result¡¡of¡¡the¡¡interaction¡¡of¡¡exogenous¡¡and¡¡endogenous¡¡influences¡£¡¡

DISCOVERING¡¡PSYCHOLOGY¡¡

PROGRAM¡¡7£º¡¡SENSATION¡¡AND¡¡PERCEPTION¡¡
Overview¡¡

Explores¡¡how¡¡we¡¡make¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡the¡¡world¡¡outside¡¡our¡¡brain¡¡and¡¡body¡£¡¡See¡¡how¡¡biological£»¡¡
cognitive£»¡¡social£»¡¡and¡¡environmental¡¡influences¡¡shape¡¡our¡¡personal¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡reality£»¡¡and¡¡gain¡¡an¡¡
understanding¡¡of¡¡how¡¡psychologists¡¡use¡¡perceptual¡¡errors¡¡to¡¡study¡¡how¡¡the¡¡constructive¡¡process¡¡of¡¡
perception¡¡works¡£¡¡

Key¡¡Issues¡¡

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during¡¡perception£»¡¡sensory¡¡feedback¡¡in¡¡visual¡¡perception£»¡¡and¡¡perceptual¡¡constancy¡£¡¡

Demonstrations¡¡

Sensory¡¡feedback¡¡in¡¡visual¡¡perception¡£¡¡A¡¡Stanford¡¡student¡¡demonstrates¡¡the¡¡problems¡¡that¡¡football¡¡
quarterbacks¡¡face¡¡in¡¡the¡¡adjustment¡¡to¡¡special¡¡kinesthetic¡¡cues¡¡with¡¡distortion¡¡goggles¡¡that¡¡displace¡¡
feedback¡¡from¡¡the¡¡perceived¡¡visual¡¡field¡£¡¡

Perceptual¡¡constancy¡£¡¡Philip¡¡Zimbardo¡¡demonstrates¡¡visual¡¡misperception¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Ames¡¡distorted¡¡room¡¡

in¡¡the¡¡Exploratorium¡¡in¡¡San¡¡Francisco¡£¡¡

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CHAPTER¡¡4£º¡¡SENSATION¡¡

Interviews¡¡

Nobel¡¡Prize¡¡winner¡¡David¡¡Hubel¡¡£¨Harvard¡¡University£©¡¡explains¡¡the¡¡mapping¡¡of¡¡the¡¡reaction¡¡of¡¡receptor¡¡

cells¡¡along¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡pathway¡¡of¡¡primates¡£¡¡Hubel¡¯s¡¡award¡­winning¡¡experiment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡response¡¡of¡¡

neurons¡¡to¡¡electrical¡¡activity¡¡in¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡cortex¡¡of¡¡a¡¡cat¡¡illustrates¡¡his¡¡point¡£¡¡

Misha¡¡Pavel¡¡uses¡¡puter¡¡graphics¡¡to¡¡demonstrate¡¡how¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡system¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡breaks¡¡down¡¡

and¡¡rebines¡¡visual¡¡stimulation¡¡into¡¡recognizable£»¡¡coherent¡¡images¡£¡¡

FILMS¡¡AND¡¡VIDEOS¡¡

A¡¡Touch¡¡of¡¡Sensitivity¡¡£¨1981£©¡£¡¡BBC£»¡¡50¡¡minutes¡¡

This¡¡NOVA¡¡presentation¡¡discusses¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡touch¡¡and¡¡the¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡touch¡¡deprivation¡£¡¡
This¡¡film¡¡examines¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡touch¡¡for¡¡development¡¡at¡¡various¡¡ages¡£¡¡Many¡¡interesting¡¡areas¡¡
of¡¡research¡¡are¡¡cited¡£¡¡

The¡¡Mind£º¡¡Pain¡¡and¡¡Healing¡¡£¨1988£©¡£¡¡HARR£»¡¡24¡¡minutes¡¡

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physical¡¡healing¡£¡¡An¡¡excellent¡¡film¡£¡¡Traces¡¡the¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡a¡¡woman¡¡through¡¡a¡¡three¡­week¡¡clinic¡¡
program¡¡to¡¡reduce¡¡chronic¡¡pain¡£¡¡The¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡her¡¡movement¡¡and¡¡affect¡¡are¡¡dramatic¡£¡¡
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release¡¡of¡¡endorphins¡¡to¡¡reduce¡¡pain¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡final¡¡segment£»¡¡a¡¡cancer¡¡patient¡¡discusses¡¡how¡¡the¡¡
interaction¡¡of¡¡cognitive¡¡therapy¡¡and¡¡physical¡¡therapy¡¡increased¡¡her¡¡life¡¡expectancy¡¡and¡¡quality¡£¡¡

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information¡¡are¡¡also¡¡shown¡£¡¡

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and¡¡touch¡¡sensors¨Care¡¡examined¡£¡¡

CASE¡¡STUDY¡¡LECTURE¡¡LAUNCHER¡¡

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deprived¡¡her¡¡of¡¡both¡¡sight¡¡and¡¡hearing¡£¡¡Helen¡¯s¡¡other¡¡senses¡¡became¡¡highly¡¡developed¡ªa¡¡
phenomenon¡¡experienced¡¡by¡¡many¡¡people¡¡who¡¡suffer¡¡long¡­term¡¡sensory¡¡deprivation¡ªand¡¡her¡¡
sensory¡¡experiences¡¡were¡¡eloquently¡¡documented£º¡¡¡°I¡¡cannot¡¡recall¡¡what¡¡happened¡¡during¡¡the¡¡first¡¡
months¡¡after¡¡my¡¡illness¡£¡¡I¡¡only¡¡know¡¡that¡¡I¡¡sat¡¡in¡¡my¡¡mother¡¯s¡¡lap¡¡or¡¡clung¡¡to¡¡her¡¡dress¡¡as¡¡she¡¡went¡¡
about¡¡her¡¡household¡¡duties¡£¡¡My¡¡hands¡¡felt¡¡every¡¡object¡¡and¡¡observed¡¡every¡¡motion£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡this¡¡way£»¡¡
I¡¡learned¡¡to¡¡know¡¡many¡¡things¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡Sometimes¡¡I¡¡stood¡¡between¡¡two¡¡persons¡¡who¡¡were¡¡conversing¡¡
and¡¡touched¡¡their¡¡lips¡£¡¡I¡¡could¡¡not¡¡understand£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡vexed¡±¡¡£¨Keller£»¡¡1902£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡26¡ª27£©¡£¡¡

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educated£»¡¡she¡¡wrote¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pleasure¡¡Helen¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡her¡¡remaining¡¡senses£º¡¡¡°On¡¡entering¡¡a¡¡
greenhouse¡¡her¡¡countenance¡¡bees¡¡radiant£»¡¡and¡¡she¡¡will¡¡tell¡¡the¡¡names¡¡of¡¡the¡¡flowers¡¡with¡¡which¡¡
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