太子爷小说网 > 社科电子书 > 心理学与生活 >

第124节

心理学与生活-第124节

小说: 心理学与生活 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!



7。 spit boy dam shore railroad 
8。 sea illness hall harness hand 
9。 film shout dirt box rock 
10。 mortar sprain loan sugar prison 
11。 river door picture golf ball 
12。 sip water mountain map sheet 
13。 guest juice meat judge couch 
14。 home skin stone television village 
15。 priest gold cat weapon kangaroo 
16。 wind cannon sled city valley 
17。 spoon bird mast pickax spell 
18。 seat steeple letter sky corn 
19。 vehicle money fox wax lily 
20。 tree body game girl camp 

Do not turn the page until instructed to do so。 

404 


ANSWER KEY FOR THE IMMEDIATE RECALL TEST 

A。 Practice B。 Practice 
apple flower 
fire queen 
storm army 
ship kiss 
king street 

1。 river 2。 body 
garden letter 
lake girl 
sugar rock 
bird tree 
3。 lip 4。 shoes 
book machine 
seat boy 
gold village 
valley green 
5。 water 6。 weapon 
hall home 
market skin 
camp moat 
shore car 
7。 cat 8。 soil 
sky city 
horse mountain 
vehicle house 
money prison 
9。 iron 10。 picture 
party judge 
doctor star 
railroad door 
square sea 
Totals 
Correct R: Correct H: 

Do not turn to the next page until instructed to do so。 

405 


ANSWER KEY FOR THE DELAYED RECALL TEST


A。 Practice B。 Practice 
apple flower 
fire queen 
storm army 
ship kiss 
king street 
1。 river 2。 body 
garden letter 
lake girl 
sugar rock 
bird tree 
3。 lip 4。 shoes 
book machine 
seat boy 
gold village 
valley green 
5。 water 6。 weapon 
hall home 
market skin 
camp moat 
shore car 
7。 cat 8。 soil 
sky city 
horse mountain 
vehicle house 
money prison 
9。 iron 10。 picture 
party judge 
doctor star 
railroad door 
square sea 

Totals 

406 


Correct R: Correct H:


Do not turn to the next page until instructed to do so。 

407 


ANSWER KEY FOR THE RECOGNITION TEST 


1。 +9 iron +8 soil — +9 doctor +1 lake 
2。 — — +1 garden +4 shoes +10 star 
3。 +4 machine — +4 green +3 book — 
4。— — — +6 moat +6car 
5。 +5 market +9 party +9 square — — 
6。 +8 house — +3 lip — +7 horse 
7。 — +4 boy — +5 shore +9 railroad 
8。 +10 sea — +5 hall — — 
9。 — — — — +2 rock 
10。 — — — +1 sugar +8 prison 

11。 +1 river +10 door +10 picture — — 
12。 — +5 water +8 mountain — — 
13。 — — +6 meat +10 judge — 
14。 +6 home +6 skin — — +4 village 
15。 — +3 gold +7 cat +6 weapon — 
16。 — — — +8 city +3 valley 
17。— +1 bird— — — 
18。 +3 seat — +2 letter +7 sky — 
19。 +7 vehicle +7 money — — — 
20。 +2 tree +2 body — +2 girl +5 camp 
Circled numbers are the list numbers of “Hello” words (even…numbered lists) 
Uncircled numbers are the list numbers of “Repeat” words (odd…numbered lists) 
—are false positives; words you thought were on a list but were not 

Total Correct R:
Total Correct H:


408 


DATA TABULATION SHEET 

Name: 

Record frequency of scores under each of the following conditions。 

Memory Measure 
Experimental 
Condition 
Immediate 
Recall 
Delayed 
Recall 
Recognition 
Test 
Repeat 
(Repetition) 
Hello 
(Depth…of…processing) 
Totals 
False 
Positives 

Conclusions: What is the effect of the experimental conditions on 

(a) Immediate recall? 
(b) Delayed recall? 
(c) Delayed recognition? 

Plot these data on a bar graph。 Use different shaded bars for the two experimental conditions。 

Recall 

Frequenc 
y 

Memory Measure


409 


DETECTING GUILT AND DECEPTION 

OBJECTIVES 

1。 To analyze the various behavioral indicators of an individual’s guilt feelings。 
2。 To collect different kinds of data from the same subjects; both quantitative (reaction time) and 
qualitative (word associations and expressive reactions)。 
3。 To bine these multiple sources of evidence in order to draw inferences about the guilt or 
innocence of two (role…playing) suspects。 
4。 To consider how emotional arousal and unconscious motives may affect behavior。 
5 。 To raise questions about practical issues in jury decision making and the use of lie detectors in 
courts and business。 
OVERVIEW 

“Detecting Guilt” is designed to involve the whole class in psychological detective work on a problem with 
both practical implications and broad conceptual significance。 The demonstration casts students in the role 
of jurors who must decide the guilt or innocence of two criminal suspects。 To do so; they must utilize a 
variety of behavioral indicators of emotional disturbance; including word associations; reaction times; and 
expressive behavior。 

1。 Begin by asking students to mention something that made them feel very guilty in the past (in 
elementary; junior high; or high school)。 
2。 Have them try to e up with a definition of guilt。 
3。 Ask them what are the negative consequences and positive effects of guilt; analyze the mon 
elements; and list their answers to the questions。 
4。 Briefly contrast the conscious and unconscious forms that guilt may take (the student examples are 
likely to be conscious instances)。 
5。 Relate the discussion back to the memory analysis of the previous week (if you did that
demonstration) by having students consider the effects of guilt on memory。
6。 Ask the students if they were ever in a situation in which they felt guilty over some misdeed but 
were able to conceal their guilt from the critical appraisal of some “judge。” How did they mask their 
feelings? 
7。 Conduct the demonstration in which one subject role…plays feeling guilty about a crime while 
another subject is an innocent person who is also a criminal suspect; the rest of the class engages in 
the task of “psychodetection。” 
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 

Our working definition of guilt is a (1) negative (2) emotional and/or cognitive condition based on the (3) 
belief that one (4) could have emitted a response that would have led to (5) significantly better consequences 
for some (6) social agent than the response actually performed。 

1。 This excludes emotions based on power or revenge。 
2。 Guilt may be associated with anything from extreme arousal to minimal arousal but is always 
based on one’s interpretation of a social situation that involves the individual。 
3。 This excludes most nonhumans from feeling guilt。 
410 


4。 “Could have” behaviorally as well as physically; which excludes those who tried their best and 
failed。 
5。 This excludes cases in which the differences in consequence between two responses are minor and 
stresses that guilt is based on a personal judgment。 
6。 This means that if the social agent discovered what was done or withheld; he or she would be 
distressed。 
PUBLIC INTERROGATIONS 

In attempting to determine whether a suspect is guilty or innocent; police interrogators often rely on 
emotional indicators of self…betrayal。 One manual; written by Inbau and Reid (1962) and used to train 
detectives; proposes the following symptoms as signs of guilt: 

1。 Pulsation of carotid artery in the neck。 
2。 Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple。 
3。 Looking at floor or ceiling rather than looking the interrogator “straight in the eye。” 
4。 Swinging one leg over the other; foot…wiggling; wringing of the hands; tapping with the fingers; picking 
fingernails; etc。 
5。 Dryness of the mouth。 
6。 Swearing to the truthfulness of assertions。 
7。 Saying “I have a spotless past record” or “I’m a religious man。” 
8。 Saying “Not that I remember。” 
(See Inbau; F。 E。; & Reid (1962)。 Criminal Interrogation and Confessions。 Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins。) 

THE POLYGRAPH 

The dynamic role that emotion plays in influencing human behavior is often obvious from changes in the 
individual’s behavior such as those suggested above; but perhaps the most characteristic indicator of 
emotion is widespread visceral activity within the person。 Several such visceral changes can be monitored; 
the well…known lie detector (polygraph) takes measures of electrical skin conductance (GSR); heart rate; 
respiration; and sometimes other changes such as indices of the emotional effects of “neutral” stimuli 
versus “critical” stimuli associated with the crime。 As Inbau and Reid have said; “An offender who is led to 
believe that his appearance and demeanor are betraying him is thereby placed in a much more vulnerable 
position。 His belief that he is exhibiting symptoms of guilt has the effect of destroying or diminishing his 
confidence in his ability to deceive and tends to convince him of the futility of further resistance。 This 
attitude; of course; places him much nearer the confession stage” (p。 29)。 

The polygraph technique assumes that liars are aware of their lying and will experience measurable 
emotional reactions as a consequence。 Polygraph lie detection is a psychological test of questionable 
psychometric merit。 

A laboratory study (parable to the one you will conduct here) showed polygraph examiners quite 
fallible。 Fifteen students individually participated in a theft of money from an office; while 15 were innocent 
of this staged “crime。” Six polygraph examiners knew that half the suspects had stolen something and half 
had not; but they were not able to determine accurately which ones were guilty。 The false alarm rate

返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0

你可能喜欢的