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Key Issues 

Power of cognitive control; the Pygmalion effect; how teachers’ expectations affect children’s 
test scores; the development of prejudice in a grammar school classroom; and the principle of 
pliance as illustrated in television ads。 

375 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

Demonstrations 

The self…fulfilling prophecy study; or the Pygmalion effect。 

The principles of pliance illustrated with actual television advertisements。 

Jane Elliot’s blue…eyed versus brown…eyed case study。 

Students’ enhanced self…esteem and performance due to the jigsaw classroom。 

New Interview 

Steven Hassan looks at the ways cults use mind control methods to reshape people’s identity 

and reconstruct the way they perceive reality。 

Interviews 

Grammar school teacher Jane Elliot divides her classroom into a superior blue…eyed group 

and an inferior brown…eyed group to study the development and nature of prejudice。 

Robert Rosenthal studies how teachers’ expectations can affect children’s test scores。 

Elliot Aronson and Alex Gonzalez examine how cooperation rather than petition changes 
the way students see themselves and their peers。 

Robert Cialdini examines the principles of reciprocation; scarcity; authority; mitment; 

liking; and consensus in marketing and advertising。 

FILMS AND VIDEOS 

The Candid Camera Classics for Social Psychology consists of 16 episodes that I selected; with 
Allen Funt’s assistance; to dramatize many key social psychology topics; such as pliance; 
conformity; obedience; social influence; authority; power; morality; and bias in field surveys。 
Each of these creative gems is funny and entertaining; while teaching important messages about 
human nature。 Since they vary in duration from 2 to 6 minutes; a given episode can be used to 
launch a lecture as a thematic overview; to underscore a conclusion from a body of empirical 
research; or to provide a source for opening a discussion of the behaviors that the class and the 
instructor observed together。 The Candid Camera Classics e with an instructor’s guide (that I 
prepared with Allen Funt) that will assist teachers in getting the most mileage from using them; 
McGraw…Hill distributes this video (VHS) and a laser disk version。 For ordering information; call 
1…800…338…3987。 

Abilene Paradox (1984)。 VCFM; 27 minutes 

A gently humorous exposition of social psychological concepts such as groupthink and 
deindividuation。 Demonstrates how the cognitive processing of a well…intentioned; cooperating 
group can go far astray from the individual views of the members。 

Captive Minds: Hypnosis and Beyond (1985)。 JFMU; 55 minutes 

Explains how long…term conditioning takes place; such as how the Moonies hold on to their 
disciples; and how the Marine Corps generates such fierce loyalty。 The indoctrination methods of 
disparate institutions are surprisingly similar。 Recruits are isolated in unfamiliar environments; 
kept busy to the point of exhaustion; confused; frightened; and their sense of identity weakened。 
Over time; they bee vulnerable to suggestion。 They then readily submit to a strong 
authoritarian leader。 Reminds us that we are all vulnerable to psychological manipulations; some 
of which have social and political consequences。 

376 


CHAPTER 18: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIETY; AND CULTURE 

Conformity (1989)。 Insight Media; 30 minutes 

This program examines the pros and cons of conforming behavior; looking at its dangers as well 
as its utility in group decision making; classroom activities; and military regimentation。 It 
introduces reasons for conformity and investigates some of the variables that predict who is 
likely to conform。 

377 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

Conformity and Independence (1975)。 IU (MTI); 23 minutes 

Uses field and laboratory settings to look at social psychology’s main findings and principles in 
the area of conformity and independence。 Includes Sherif s experiments on norm formation; 
Asch’s experiments on group pressure; and Crutchfield’s variation; Milgram’s experiment on 
action conformity; Kelman’s three processes of pliance; and Moscovici’s theoretical views。 

Prejudice (1989)。 Insight Media; 30 minutes 

Showing four scenarios of prejudiced behavior; this program explores stereotypes and emotions 
underlying prejudice。 It discusses possible methods for reducing discrimination。 

Productivity and the Self…Fulfilling Prophecy: The Pygmalion Effect (1976)。 (CRM) MCGFY; 28 
minutes 

This film illustrates self…fulfilling prophecies in several settings; including social science and 
industrial management experiments。 Illustrations include placebo effects and bank runs during 
the depression。 

Reflections on 100 Years of Social Psychology。 (Available from California State University; 
Fresno; Department of Psychology; 5310 N。 Campus Drive; Fresno; CA 93740…0011。) 

An edited video of presentations by Elliot Aronson; Leonard Berkowitz; Morton Deutsch; Harold 
Gerard; Harold Kelley; Albert Pepitone; Bertram Raven; Robert Zajonc; and Philip Zimbardo to 
acpany a text memorating 100 years of experimental social psychology。 

Social Psychology (1990)。 Insight Media; 30 minutes 

Social psychology attempts to understand the myriad of social forces that influence our attitudes 
and actions。 This program discusses several research studies and findings on stereotyping and 
prejudice; attribution theory; and the power of social roles。 Philip G。 Zimbardo’s prison 
experiments are described and analyzed。 

War and Violence (1986)。 (FFHS); 52 minutes 

Demonstrates that poverty and violence go hand in hand。 Depicts inner…city Boston and a lesson 
on walking away from a fight。 Includes an interview with a young Hispanic in Oakland who 
talks about the machismo that underlies gang violence。 Explains that around the world violence 
is fueled by religion; nationalism; or race and made worse by politicians’ rhetoric。 Looks at the 
possibility of warfare today and the repercussion it has on the whole human race。 From the 
Human Animal Series; hosted by Phil Donahue。 

The Wave (1981)。 44 minutes 

Observes as teacher Burt Ross re…enacts a 1967 social experiment in which a movement similar in 
philosophy to that of the Nazi Third Reich is created。 Shows how the ideas of power; discipline; 
and superiority were drilled into his students and how willingly most of them adopted these 
ideas。 Illustrates the attitudes that allow people to deny responsibility for…and even knowledge 
of…the injustices occurring around them。 

378 


EXPERIMENTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS 

BY PHILIP G。 ZIMBARDO 

STRATEGIES FOR DISCUSSION SECTIONS: EXPERIMENTS AND 
DEMONSTRATIONS 

Having students bee directly involved in research is one of the best ways to put life into psychology。 
Toward that goal; we have prepared a set of research projects to be conducted in class。 They are designed to 
sample different areas of psychology; to illustrate various methodological approaches; and to offer a range 
of activities that can engage the entire class。 

Ideally; participating in these demonstration research projects should enable the student to get a feeling for 
the exciting process of analyzing plex psychological problems; generating quantitative and qualitative 
data; and drawing conclusions。 Indeed; it is precisely by experiencing this process of discovery that the 
student will e to appreciate the products of psychological investigation that are presented in the text 
and lectures。 

When this experience works as intended; the student’s outlook is transformed from the passive: “What do I 
need to know?” into the active mode: “How can I find out what I’d like to know?” Such a change in one’s 
thinking about one’s relation to any body of knowledge fires the student’s intellectual curiosity to go 
beyond acquiring what is given or required to challenging the given and to seeking the knowledge desired。 
If this happens; even “ordinary students” may bee scholars and scientists who make extraordinary 
contributions to society。 

NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS 

The two paragraphs above also appear in the student’s Study Guide for Psychology and Life; as does the 

highlighted paragraph below。 The rest of this introduction and detailed descriptions of each project are 
given only in this instructor’s manual。 It includes all the material necessary for each project。 This saves you 
the time; effort; and expense involved in reproducing them。 In addition; it allows you to have better control 
over how the material will be introduced and developed。 

In the lecture that precedes the first demonstration; students should be alerted to the necessity of bringing 
their Study Guide to class。 Nevertheless; not all students will have purchased the Study Guide by then; so 
you may wish to reproduce some of the materials for that demonstration。 It will also be important to make 
explicit how you will deal with the problem of students who fail to bring the required materials to sections。 

NOTE TO STUDENTS 

Some introductory psychology courses include a laboratory or discussion section ponent that 

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