心理学与生活-第114节
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manipulates likely to produce more significant change？ Why？ Which type of
manipulation would be easier to implement？
5。 Discuss the promise that social psychology and psychology in general hold for
improving our world。 One tremendous contribution of social psychology has been to
demonstrate that we do not need to change every single individual person。 Situational
changes can be made that affect all of the people that enter them。 This offers society a
cost…effective tool for addressing social problems。 To what problems does the class feel
that social psychology has the most to offer？ Why？
6。 You might ask students to voluntarily discuss if they have ever been discriminated
against or treated in some other prejudiced manner。 Often； those who engage in
discrimination do not care to think through the effects their behaviors have on the
individuals against whom they are discriminating。 By having students talk about their
first…hand experiences of receiving such treatment； it can often help sensitize other
students to the impact of prejudice and discrimination。 Racial； ethnic； and sexual
discrimination all take a heavy toll on their victims。 As part of this discussion； you might
ask those who are sharing their experiences to discuss the emotional impact and the
effects on their self…image that resulted from their experiences。
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CHAPTER 18： SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY； SOCIETY； AND CULTURE
SUPPLEMENTAL LECTURE MATERIAL
Prejudice
Prejudice between people is often one consequence of normative processes occurring within
groups。 Many groups exhibit an ethnocentric attitude that postulates： “My group； right or wrong；
your group； rarely right and probably wrong until proven otherwise。” Group membership gives
us security； status； a basis for reality testing； and much more that we need for both survival and
the flowering of the human spirit。 Alternatively； being identified as a member of a certain group
can also bring us insecurity； loss of self…esteem； and a precarious existence if others with power
choose to label our group as inferior。 The consequences of prejudice take many forms； but
mon to all of them is a less humane reaction to other people and a diversion of psychological
energy from creative to destructive directions。
Prejudice may be defined as a cluster of learned beliefs； attitudes； and values held by one person
about others that：
。 Is formed on the basis of inplete information
。 Is relatively immune to contradictory information
。 Makes a categorical assignment of individuals to certain classes or groups that are
（typically） negatively valued
Prejudice is the internal state or psychological set to react in a biased way toward members of
certain groups。 Discrimination is the constellation of behaviors that prejudice may give rise to。
petency knowledge es from observing the consequences of your actions； what you
achieve； and how your abilities； skills； and talents are realized。 Legitimacy knowledge es
from a variety of cultural sources by which your important group memberships…religious； racial；
ethnic； sexual； age group； and others…are recognized as acceptable and worthwhile。 Denial of the
legitimacy of one’s significant group identification can isolate the individual from those who
control desired social and material reinforcers within a culture。 In addition； the reasons given to
justify rejection of the group and the personal feelings of helplessness that result from arbitrary
discrimination can have a negative impact on performance； lowering even petency…based
esteem。
Our self…image and esteem depend on many variables。 These inputs can be summarized as
ing from two sources：
。 The individual’s appraisal of personal worth derived from social and physical
feedback about his or her petency
。 Cultural feedback about the legitimacy of the person’s primary reference groups
To the extent one accepts and is dependent on the values of the reward structure of a cultural
group that denies the legitimacy of one’s own subgroup； one’s self…esteem is likely to suffer。
Legitimacy is often denied not through hostile； obvious acts of discrimination； but in subtle
patterns of prejudice that simply ignore one’s existence。
Once you adopt the derogatory stereotype about yourself as a valid indicator of your lack of
worth； you may want to dissociate yourself from the despised group； to “pass” on your own via a
name change； nose job； hair straightening； or other alteration of your appearance； as well as by
changing your friends and maybe even rejecting your family。 Such a prejudice…induced reaction
is one of the most insidious effects of prejudice。 It turns the individual not only against his or her
own group； but against the “self’ as well。
367
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Categorical rejection of the individual because of perceived membership in some unaccepted
group is a general phenomenon of prejudice。 When you were a child； did friends of your parents
or even relatives ignore your presence after they said the usual； “My； how you have grown”？ As
an adult； have you ever done likewise to aged people； ignored them as persons because they are
members of an out…group？ Have you ever treated a person who was performing a service for
you as if he or she was nothing more than a machine？
A Demonstration of Prejudice
One of the most effective demonstrations of how easily prejudiced attitudes may be formed；
and how arbitrary and illogical they can be； came from a third…grade class in Riceville； Iowa。
The teacher； Jane Elliott； wanted to provide her students from this all…white； rural munity
with the experience of prejudice and discrimination in order to draw from it the implications
of its seductive appeal and devastating consequences。 She devised a remarkable experiment；
more pelling than many done by professional psychologists。
One day； blue…eyed Ms。 Elliott announced to her class of 9…year…olds that brown…eyed people
were more intelligent and better people than those with blue eyes。 The blue…eyed children；
although the majority； were simply told that they were inferior and that the brown…eyed
children should therefore be the “ruling class。” Guidelines were laid down so the inferior
group would “keep their place” in the new social order。 They were to sit at the back of the
room； stay at the end of the line； use paper cups （instead of the drinking fountains）； and so
on。 The “superior” students received extra privileges； such as extra recess time for work well
done。
Within minutes the blue…eyed children began to do more poorly on their lessons and became
depressed； sullen； and angry。 They described themselves as “sad；” “bad；” “stupid；” “dull；”
“awful；” “hard；” “mean。” One boy said he felt like a “vegetable。” Of the brown…eyed
superiors； the teacher reported； “What had been marvelously cooperative； thoughtful
children became nasty； vicious； discriminating little third…graders 。 。 。 it was ghastly。”
To show how arbitrary and irrational prejudice and its rationalizations are； on the next school
day the teacher told the class that she had erred； that it was really the blue…eyed children who
were superior and the brown…eyed ones who were inferior。 The brown…eyed children now
switched from their previously “happy；” “good；” “sweet；” “nice” self…labels to derogatory
ones similar to those used the day before by the blue…eyed。 Their academic performance
deteriorated； while that of the new ruling class improved。 Old friendship patterns between
children dissolved and were replaced with hostility。 The children reacted with relief and
delight at the end； when they were “debriefed” and learned that none of them was “inferior”
to others （Elliott； 1977）。
This experiment； recorded in the film Eye of the Storm； has been repeated with other classes and
even adult groups with the same results。 In each case the assumption of power by one group over
another based on supposed superiority has led to discriminatory behavior； disruption in the
social structure； loss of self…esteem； change in performance by the “inferior” members in
accordance with their ascribed status； and justification by the superiors for the pattern of
discrimination sanctioned by the “system。”
368
CHAPTER 18： SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY； SOCIETY； AND CULTURE
Suggestions for Reducing Racism
The difference between prejudice and racism （broadly defined） is a difference between
individuals and systems。 While prejudice is carried in the minds and actions of individuals；
racism is perpetuated across generations by laws and treaties； group norms； and customs。 It is
carried by newspapers； textbooks； and other munication media。
A prevailing racist ideology in a culture constantly provides the “informational” support and
social endorsement for discrimination despite personal evidence of its invalidity and injustice。
Such ideas bee unquestioned assumptions that are seen not as biased opinions of distorted
values but as self…evident truths。 They are a major contributor to racial differences in the quality
of employment； housi
