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cent；　ought　completely　to　accomplish　this　object。　Every　argument



which　is　adduced　by　the　supporters　of　the　theory　of　values　against



such　a　measure；　has　been　refuted　by　us。　On　the　other　hand；　we　may



add　a　further　argument　in　favour　of　that　measure；　that　these　great



branches　of　industry　especially　offer　us　the　means　for　establishing



extensive　machine　manufactories　and　for　the　development　of　a　race



of　competent　technical　instructors　and　practical　foremen。



　　　　In　the　trade　in　colonial　produce　Germany；　as　France　and　England



have　done；　has　to　follow　the　principle　　that　in　respect　to　the



purchase　of　the　colonial　produce　which　we　require；　we　should　give



a　preference　to　those　tropical　countries　which　purchase



manufactured　goods　from　us；　or；　in　short；　that　we　should　buy　from



those　who　buy　from　us。　That　is　the　case　in　reference　to　our　trade



with　the　West　Indies　and　to　North　and　South　America。



　　　　But　it　is　not　yet　the　case　in　reference　to　our　trade　with



Holland；　which　country　supplies　us　with　enormous　quantities　of　her



colonial　produce；　but　only　takes　in　return　disproportionately　small



quantities　of　our　manufactured　goods。



　　　　At　the　same　time　Holland　is　naturally　directed　to　the　market　of



Germany　for　the　disposal　of　the　greater　part　of　her　colonial



produce；　inasmuch　as　England　and　France　derive　their　supplies　of



such　produce　for　the　most　part　from　their　own　colonies　and　from



subject　countries　（where　they　exclusively　possess　the　market　for



manufactured　goods）；　and　hence　they　only　import　small　quantities　of



Dutch　colonial　produce。



　　　　Holland　has　no　important　manufacturing　industry　of　her　own；



but；　on　the　other　hand；　has　a　great　productive　industry　in　her



colonies；　which　has　recently　greatly　increased　and　may　yet　be



immeasurably　further　increased。　But　Holland　desires　of　Germany　that



which　is　unfair；　and　acts　contrary　to　her　own　interests　if　rightly



understood；　inasmuch　as　she　desires　to　dispose　of　the　greater　part



of　her　colonial　produce　to　Germany；　while　she　desires　to　supply　her



requirements　of　manufactured　goods　from　any　quarter　she　likes　best。



This　is；　for　Holland；　an　only　apparently　beneficial　and　a



short…sighted　policy；　for　if　Holland　would　give　preferential



advantages　to　German　manufactured　goods　both　in　the　mother　country



and　in　her　colonies；　the　demand　in　Germany　for　Dutch　colonial



produce　would　increase　in　the　same　proportion　in　which　the　sale　of



German　manufactured　goods　to　Holland　and　her　colonies　increased；



or；　in　other　words；　Germany　would　be　able　to　purchase　so　much　the



more　colonial　produce　in　proportion　as　she　sold　more　manufactured



goods　to　Holland；　Holland　would　be　able　to　dispose　of　so　much　more



colonial　produce　to　Germany　as　she　purchased　from　Germany



manufactured　goods。　This　reciprocal　exchange　operation　is；　at



present；　rendered　impracticable　by　Holland　if　she　sells　her



colonial　produce　to　Germany　while　she　purchases　her　requirements　in



manufactured　goods　from　England；　because　England　（no　matter　how



much　of　manufactured　goods　she　sells　to　Holland）　will　always　supply



the　greater　part　of　her　own　requirements　of　colonial　produce　from



her　own　colonies；　or　from　the　countries　which　are　subject　to　her。



　　　　Hence　the　interests　of　Germany　require　that　she　should　either



demand　from　Holland　a　differential　duty　in　favour　of　Germany's



manufacturing　production；　by　which　the　latter　can　secure　to　herself



the　exclusive　market　for　manufactured　goods　in　Holland　and　her



colonies；　or；　in　case　of　refusal；　that　Germany　should　impose　a



differential　duty　on　the　import　of　colonial　produce　in　favour　of



the　produce　of　Central　and　South　America　and　of　the　free　markets　of



the　West　Indies。



　　　　The　above…named　policy　would　constitute　the　most　effective



means　of　inducing　Holland　to　join　the　German　Zollverein。



　　　　As　matters　now　stand；　Germany　has　no　reason　for　sacrificing　her



own　manufactories　of　beetroot　sugar　to　the　trade　with　Holland；　for



only　in　case　Germany　can　pay　for　her　requirements　of　this　article



by　means　of　her　own　manufactured　goods；　is　it　more　to　her　advantage



to　supply　that　requirement　by　an　exchange　trade　with　tropical



countries；　than　by　producing　it　herself　at　home。



　　　　Hence　the　attention　of　Germany　should　be　at　once　chiefly



directed　to　the　extension　of　her　trade　with　Northern；　Central；　and



South　America；　and　with　the　free　markets　of　the　West　Indies。　In



connection　with　that；　the　following　measures；　in　addition　to　that



above　adverted　to；　appear　desirable：　the　establishment　of　a　regular



service　of　steamships　between　the　German　seaports　and　the　principal



ports　of　those　countries；　the　promotion　of　emigration　thither；　the



confirmation　and　extension　of　friendly　relations　between　them　and



the　Zollverein；　and　especially　the　promotion　of　the　civilisation　of



those　countries。



　　　　Recent　experience　has　abundantly　taught　us　how　enormously



commerce　on　a　large　scale　is　promoted　by　a　regular　service　of



steamships。　France　and　belgium　are　already　treading　in　the



footsteps　of　England　in　this　respect；　as　they　well　perceive　that



every　nation　which　is　behindhand　in　this　more　perfect　means　of



transport　must　retrograde　in　her　foreign　trade。　The　German　seaports



also　have　already　recognised　this；　already　one　public　company　has



been　completely　formed　in　Bremen　for　building　two　or　three　steam



vessels　for　the　trade　with　the　United　States。　This；　however；　is



clearly　an　insufficient　provision。　The　commercial　interests　of



Germany　require　not　only　a　regular　service　of　steam　vessels　with



North　America；　especially　with　New　York；　Boston；　Charleston；　and



New　Orleans；　but　also　with　Cuba；　San　Domingo；　and　Central　and　South



America。　Germany　ought　to　be　behind　no　other　nation　in　respect　to



these　latter　lines　of　steam　navigation。　It　must　certainly　not　be



ignored　that　the　means　which　are　required　for　these　objects　will　be



too　great　for　the　spirit　of　enterprise；　and　perhaps　also　for　the



power　of　the　German　seaports；　and　it　seems　to　us　they　can　only　be



carried　into　effect　by　means　of　liberal　subsidies　on　the　part　of



the　states　of　the　Zollverein。　The　prospect　of　such　subsidies　as



well　as　of　differential　duties　in　favour　of　German　shipping；　ought



at　once　to　constitute　a　strong　motive　for　these　seaports　to　become



included　in　the　Commercial　Union。　When　one　considers　how　greatly



the　exports　of　manufactured　goods　and　the　imports　of　colonial



produce；　and　consequently　also　the　customs　revenue；　of　the　states



of　the　Zollverein　would　be　increased　by　such　a　measure；　one　cannot



doubt　that　even　a　considerable　expenditure　for　this　object　must



appear　as　only　a　reproductive　investment　of　capital　from　which　rich



returns　are　to　be　expected。



　　　　Through　the　increase　of　the　means　of　intercourse　of　Germany



with　the　above…named　countries；　the　emigration　of　Germans　to　those



countries　and　their　settlement　there　as　citizens　would　be　no　less



promoted；　and　by　that　means　the　foundation　would　be　laid　for　future



increase　of　commerce　with　them。　For　this　object　the　states　of　the



Zollverein　ought　to　establish　everywhere　consulates　and　diplomatic



agencies；　by　means　of　which　the　settlement　and　undertakings　of



German　citizens　could　be　promoted；　and　especially　to　assist　those



states　in　every　practicable　way　in　giving　stability　to　their



governments　and　improving　their　degree　of　civilisation。



　　　　We　do　not　share　in　the　least　the　opinion　of　those　who　think



that　the　tropical　countries　of　America　offer　less　advantages　to



German　colonisation　than　those　of　temperate　climate　in　North



America。　However　great；　as　we　have　openly　confessed；　is　our



attachment　for　the　last…named　country；　and　however　little　we　are



able　or　desire　to　deny　that　an　individual　German　emigrant　who



possesses　a　little　capital　has　greater　hope　of　permanently　making



his　fortune　in　Western　North　America；　we　must　nevertheless　here



express　our　opinion　that　emigration　to　Central　and　South　America；



if　it　were　well　led　and　undertaken　on　a　large　scale；　offers　in　a



national　point　of　view　much　greater　advantages　for　Germany　than



emigration　to　North　America。　What　good　is　it　if　the　emigrants　to



North　America　become　ever　so　prosperous？　In　their　personal　relation



they　are　lost　for　ever　to　the　German　nationality；　and　also　from



their　material　production　Germany　can　expect　only　unimportant



fruits。　It　is　a　pure　delusion　if　people　think　that　the　German



language　can　be　maintained　by　the　Germans　who　live　in　the　interior



of　the　United　States；　or　that　after　a　time　it　may　be　poss