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pit；　or　even　at　the　shipping　port　for　exportation。

　　　　　The　exportation；　however；　of　the　instruments　of　trade；

properly　so　called；　is　commonly　restrained；　not　by　high　duties；

but　by　absolute　prohibitions。　Thus　by　the　7th　and　8th　of　William

III；　c。　20；　sect。　8；　the　exportation　of　frames　or　engines　for

knitting　gloves　or　stockings　is　prohibited　under　the　penalty；　not

only　of　the　forfeiture　of　such　frames　or　engines　so　exported；　or

attempted　to　be　exported；　but　of　forty　pounds；　one　half　to　the

king；　the　other　to　the　person　who　shall　inform　or　sue　for　the

same。　In　the　same　manner；　by　the　14th　George　III；　c。　71；　the

exportation　to　foreign　parts　of　any　utensils　made　use　of　in　the

cotton；　linen；　woollen；　and　silk　manufactures　is　prohibited　under

the　penalty；　not　only　of　the　forfeiture　of　such　utensils；　but　of

two　hundred　pounds；　to　be　paid　by　the　person　who　shall　offend　in

this　manner；　and　likewise　of　two　hundred　pounds　to　be　paid　by　the

master　of　the　ship　who　shall　knowingly　suffer　such　utensils　to　be

loaded　on　board　his　ship。

　　　　　When　such　heavy　penalties　were　imposed　upon　the　exportation

of　the　dead　instruments　of　trade；　it　could　not　well　be　expected

that　the　living　instrument；　the　artificer；　should　be　allowed　to

go　free。　Accordingly；　by　the　5th　George　I；　c。　27；　the　person　who

shall　be　convicted　of　enticing　any　artificer　of；　or　in　any　of　the

manufactures　of　Great　Britain；　to　go　into　any　foreign　parts　in

order　to　practise　or　teach　his　trade；　is　liable　for　the　first

offence　to　be　fined　in　any　sum　not　exceeding　one　hundred　pounds；

and　to　three　months'　imprisonment；　and　until　the　fine　shall　be

paid；　and　for　the　second　offence；　to　be　fined　in　any　sum　at　the

discretion　of　the　court；　and　to　imprisonment　for　twelve　months；

and　until　the　fine　shall　be　paid。　By　the　23rd　George　II；　c。　13；

this　penalty　is　increased　for　the　first　offence　to　five　hundred

pounds　for　every　artificer　so　enticed；　and　to　twelve　months'

imprisonment；　and　until　the　fine　shall　be　paid；　and　for　the

second　offence；　to　one　thousand　pounds；　and　to　two　years'

imprisonment；　and　until　the　fine　shall　be　paid。

　　　　　By　the　former　of　those　two　statutes；　upon　proof　that　any

person　has　been　enticing　any　artificer；　or　that　any　artificer　has

promised　or　contracted　to　go　into　foreign　parts　for　the　purposes

aforesaid；　such　artificer　may　be　obliged　to　give　security　at　the

discretion　of　the　court　that　he　shall　not　go　beyond　the　seas；　and

may　be　committed　to　prison　until　he　give　such　security。

　　　　　If　any　artificer　has　gone　beyond　the　seas；　and　is　exercising

or　teaching　his　trade　in　any　foreign　country；　upon　warning　being

given　to　him　by　any　of　his　Majesty's　ministers　or　consuls　abroad；

or　by　one　of　his　Majesty's　Secretaries　of　State　for　the　time

being；　if　he　does　not；　within　six　months　after　such　warning；

return　into　this　realm；　and　from　thenceforth　abide　and　inhabit

continually　within　the　same；　he　is　from　thenceforth　declared

incapable　of　taking　any　legacy　devised　to　him　within　this

kingdom；　or　of　being　executor　or　administrator　to　any　person；　or

of　taking　any　lands　within　this　kingdom　by　descent；　device；　or

purchase。　He　likewise　forfeits　to　the　king　all　his　lands；　goods；

and　chattels；　is　declared　an　alien　in　every　respect；　and　is　put

out　of　the　king's　protection。

　　　　　It　is　unnecessary；　I　imagine；　to　observe　how　contrary　such

regulations　are　to　the　boasted　liberty　of　the　subject；　of　which

we　affect　to　be　so　very　jealous；　but　which；　in　this　case；　is　so

plainly　sacrificed　to　the　futile　interests　of　our　merchants　and

manufacturers。

　　　　　The　laudable　motive　of　all　these　regulations　is　to　extend

our　own　manufactures；　not　by　their　own　improvement；　but　by　the

depression　of　those　of　all　our　neighbours；　and　by　putting　an　end；

as　much　as　possible；　to　the　troublesome　competition　of　such

odious　and　disagreeable　rivals。　Our　master　manufacturers　think　it

reasonable　that　they　themselves　should　have　the　monopoly　of　the

ingenuity　of　all　their　countrymen。　Though　by　restraining；　in　some

trades；　the　number　of　apprentices　which　can　be　employed　at　one

time；　and　by　imposing　the　necessity　of　a　long　apprenticeship　in

all　trades；　they　endeavour；　all　of　them；　to　confine　the　knowledge

of　their　respective　employments　to　as　small　a　number　as　possible；

they　are　unwilling；　however；　that　any　part　of　this　small　number

should　go　abroad　to　instruct　foreigners。

　　　　　Consumption　is　the　sole　end　and　purpose　of　all　production；

and　the　interest　of　the　producer　ought　to　be　attended　to　only　so

far　as　it　may　be　necessary　for　promoting　that　of　the　consumer。

The　maxim　is　so　perfectly　self　evident　that　it　would　be　absurd　to

attempt　to　prove　it。　But　in　the　mercantile　system　the　interest　of

the　consumer　is　almost　constantly　sacrificed　to　that　of　the

producer；　and　it　seems　to　consider　production；　and　not

consumption；　as　the　ultimate　end　and　object　of　all　industry　and

commerce。

　　　　　In　the　restraints　upon　the　importation　of　all　foreign

commodities　which　can　come　into　competition　with　those　of　our　own

growth　or　manufacture；　the　interest　of　the　home　consumer　is

evidently　sacrificed　to　that　of　the　producer。　It　is　altogether

for　the　benefit　of　the　latter　that　the　former　is　obliged　to　pay

that　enhancement　of　price　which　this　monopoly　almost　always

occasions。

　　　　　It　is　altogether　for　the　benefit　of　the　producer　that

bounties　are　granted　upon　the　exportation　of　some　of　his

productions。　The　home　consumer　is　obliged　to　pay；　first；　the　tax

which　is　necessary　for　paying　the　bounty；　and　secondly；　the　still

greater　tax　which　necessarily　arises　from　the　enhancement　of　the

price　of　the　commodity　in　the　home　market。

　　　　　By　the　famous　treaty　of　commerce　with　Portugal；　the　consumer

is　prevented　by　high　duties　from　purchasing　of　a　neighbouring

country　a　commodity　which　our　own　climate　does　not　produce；　but

is　obliged　to　purchase　it　of　a　distant　country；　though　it　is

acknowledged　that　the　commodity　of　the　distant　country　is　of　a

worse　quality　than　that　of　the　near　one。　The　home　consumer　is

obliged　to　submit　to　this　inconveniency　in　order　that　the

producer　may　import　into　the　distant　country　some　of　his

productions　upon　more　advantageous　terms　than　he　would　otherwise

have　been　allowed　to　do。　The　consumer；　too；　is　obliged　to　pay

whatever　enhancement　in　the　price　if　those　very　productions　this

forced　exportation　may　occasion　in　the　home　market。

　　　　　But　in　the　system　of　laws　which　has　been　established　for　the

management　of　our　American　and　West　Indian　colonies；　the　interest

of　the　home　consumer　has　been　sacrificed　to　that　of　the　producer

with　a　more　extravagant　profusion　than　in　all　our　other

commercial　regulations。　A　great　empire　has　been　established　for

the　sole　purpose　of　raising　up　a　nation　of　customers　who　should

be　obliged　to　buy　from　the　shops　of　our　different　producers　all

the　goods　with　which　these　could　supply　them。　For　the　sake　of

that　little　enhancement　of　price　which　this　monopoly　might　afford

our　producers；　the　home　consumers　have　been　burdened　with　the

whole　expense　of　maintaining　and　defending　that　empire。　For　this

purpose；　and　for　this　purpose　only；　in　the　two　last　wars；　more

than　two　hundred　millions　have　been　spent；　and　a　new　debt　of　more

than　a　hundred　and　seventy　millions　has　been　contracted　over　and

above　all　that　had　been　expended　for　the　same　purpose　in　former

wars。　The　interest　of　this　debt　alone　is　not　only　greater　than

the　whole　extraordinary　profit　which　it　ever　could　be　pretended

was　made　by　the　monopoly　of　the　colony　trade；　but　than　the　whole

value　of　that　trade；　or　than　the　whole　value　of　the　goods　which

at　an　average　have　been　annually　exported　to　the　colonies。

　　　　　It　cannot　be　very　difficult　to　determine　who　have　been　the

contrivers　of　this　whole　mercantile　system；　not　the　consumers；　we

may　believe；　whose　interest　has　been　entirely　neglected；　but　the

producers；　whose　interest　has　been　so　carefully　attended　to；　and

among　this　latter　class　our　merchants　and　manufacturers　have　been

by　far　the　principal　architects。　In　the　mercantile　regulations；

which　have　been　taken　notice　of　in　this　chapter；　the　interest　of

our　manufacturers　has　been　most　peculiarly　attended　to；　and　the

interest；　not　so　much　of　the　consumers；　as　that　of　some　other

sets　of　producers；　has　been　sacrificed　to　it。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CHAPTER　IX



Of　the　Agricultural　Systems；　or　of　those　Systems　of　Political

Economy　which　represent　the　Produce　of　Land　as　either　the　sole　or

the　principal　Source　of　the　Revenue　and　Wealth　every　Country　



　　　　　THE　agricultural　systems　of　political　economy　will　not

require　so　long　an　explanation　as　that　which　I　have　thought　it

necessary　to　bestow　upon　the　mercantile　or　commercial　system。

　　　　　That　system　which　represents　the　produce　of　land　as　the　sole

source　of　the　revenue　and　wealth　of　every　country　has；　so　far　as

I　know；　never　been　adopted　by　any　nation；　and　it　at　present

exists　only　in　the　speculations　of　a　few　men　of　great　learning

and　ingenuity　in　France。　It　would　not；　surely；　be　worth　while　to

examine　at　great　length　the　errors　of　a　sy