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generally　allowed；　are　superior　to　the　English。　The　law；　so　far

as　it　gives　some　weak　protection　to　the　slave　against　the

violence　of　his　master；　is　likely　to　be　better　executed　in　a

colony　where　the　government　is　in　a　great　measure　arbitrary　than

in　one　where　it　is　altogether　free。　In　every　country　where　the

unfortunate　law　of　slavery　is　established；　the　magistrate；　when

he　protects　the　slave；　intermeddles　in　some　measure　in　the

management　of　the　private　property　of　the　master；　and；　in　a　free

country；　where　the　master　is　perhaps　either　a　member　of　the

colony　assembly；　or　an　elector　of　such　a　member；　he　dare　not　do

this　but　with　the　greatest　caution　and　circumspection。　The

respect　which　he　is　obliged　to　pay　to　the　master　renders　it　more

difficult　for　him　to　protect　the　slave。　But　in　a　country　where

the　government　is　in　a　great　measure　arbitrary；　where　it　is　usual

for　the　magistrate　to　intermeddle　even　in　the　management　of　the

private　property　of　individuals；　and　to　send　them；　perhaps；　a

lettre　de　cachet　if　they　do　not　manage　it　according　to　his

liking；　it　is　much　easier　for　him　to　give　some　protection　to　the

slave；　and　common　humanity　naturally　disposes　him　to　do　so。　The

protection　of　the　magistrate　renders　the　slave　less　contemptible

in　the　eyes　of　his　master；　who　is　thereby　induced　to　consider　him

with　more　regard；　and　to　treat　him　with　more　gentleness。　Gentle

usage　renders　the　slave　not　only　more　faithful；　but　more

intelligent；　and　therefore；　upon　a　double　account；　more　useful。

He　approaches　more　to　the　condition　of　a　free　servant；　and　may

possess　some　degree　of　integrity　and　attachment　to　his　master's

interest；　virtues　which　frequently　belong　to　free　servants；　but

which　never　can　belong　to　a　slave　who　is　treated　as　slaves

commonly　are　in　countries　where　the　master　is　perfectly　free　and

secure。

　　　　　That　the　condition　of　a　slave　is　better　under　an　arbitrary

than　under　a　free　government　is；　I　believe；　supported　by　the

history　of　all　ages　and　nations。　In　the　Roman　history；　the　first

time　we　read　of　the　magistrate　interposing　to　protect　the　slave

from　the　violence　of　his　master　is　under　the　emperors。　When

Vedius　Pollio；　in　the　presence　of　Augustus；　ordered　one　of　his

slaves；　who　had　committed　a　slight　fault；　to　be　cut　into　pieces

and　thrown　into　his　fish　pond　in　order　to　feed　his　fishes；　the

emperor　commanded　him；　with　indignation；　to　emancipate

immediately；　not　only　that　slave；　but　all　the　others　that

belonged　to　him。　Under　the　republic　no　magistrate　could　have　had

authority　enough　to　protect　the　slave；　much　less　to　punish　the

master。

　　　　　The　stock；　it　is　to　be　observed；　which　has　improved　the

sugar　colonies　of　France；　particularly　the　great　colony　of　St。

Domingo；　has　been　raised　almost　entirely　from　the　gradual

improvement　and　cultivation　of　those　colonies。　It　has　been　almost

altogether　the　produce　of　the　soil　and　of　the　industry　of　the

colonies；　or；　what　comes　to　the　same　thing；　the　price　of　that

produce　gradually　accumulated　by　good　management；　and　employed　in

raising　a　still　greater　produce。　But　the　stock　which　has　improved

and　cultivated　the　sugar　colonies　of　England　has；　a　great　part　of

it；　been　sent　out　from　England；　and　has　by　no　means　been

altogether　the　produce　of　the　soil　and　industry　of　the　colonists。

The　prosperity　of　the　English　sugar　colonies　has　been；　in　a　great

measure；　owing　to　the　great　riches　of　England；　of　which　a　part

has　overflowed；　if　one　may　say　so；　upon　those　colonies。　But　the

prosperity　of　the　sugar　colonies　of　France　has　been　entirely

owing　to　the　good　conduct　of　the　colonists；　which　must　therefore

have　had　some　superiority　over　that　of　the　English；　and　this

superiority　has　been　remarked　in　nothing　so　much　as　in　the　good

management　of　their　slaves。

　　　　　Such　have　been　the　general　outlines　of　the　policy　of　the

different　European　nations　with　regard　to　their　colonies。

　　　　　The　policy　of　Europe；　therefore；　has　very　little　to　boast

of；　either　in　the　original　establishment　or；　so　far　as　concerns

their　internal　government；　in　the　subsequent　prosperity　of　the

colonies　of　America。

　　　　　Folly　and　injustice　seem　to　have　been　the　principles　which

presided　over　and　directed　the　first　project　of　establishing

those　colonies；　the　folly　of　hunting　after　gold　and　silver　mines；

and　the　injustice　of　coveting　the　possession　of　a　country　whose

harmless　natives；　far　from　having　ever　injured　the　people　of

Europe；　had　received　the　first　adventurers　with　every　mark　of

kindness　and　hospitality。

　　　　　The　adventurers；　indeed；　who　formed　some　of　the　later

establishments；　joined　to　the　chimerical　project　of　finding　gold

and　silver　mines　other　motives　more　reasonable　and　more　laudable；

but　even　these　motives　do　very　little　honour　to　the　policy　of

Europe。

　　　　　The　English　Puritans；　restrained　at　home；　fled　for　freedom

to　America；　and　established　there　the　four　governments　of　New

England。　The　English　Catholics；　treated　with　much　greater

injustice；　established　that　of　Maryland；　the　Quakers；　that　of

Pennsylvania。　The　Portuguese　Jews；　persecuted　by　the　Inquisition；

stripped　of　their　fortunes；　and　banished　to　Brazil；　introduced　by

their　example　some　sort　of　order　and　industry　among　the

transported　felons　and　strumpets　by　whom　that　colony　was

originally　peopled；　and　taught　them　the　culture　of　the

sugar…cane。　Upon　all　these　different　occasions　it　was　not　the

wisdom　and　policy；　but　the　disorder　and　injustice　of　the　European

governments　which　peopled　and　cultivated　America。

　　　　　In　effectuating　some　of　the　most　important　of　these

establishments；　the　different　governments　of　Europe　had　as　little

merit　as　in　projecting　them。　The　conquest　of　Mexico　was　the

project；　not　of　the　council　of　Spain；　but　of　a　governor　of　Cuba；

and　it　was　effectuated　by　the　spirit　of　the　bold　adventurer　to

whom　it　was　entrusted；　in　spite　of　everything　which　that

governor；　who　soon　repented　of　having　trusted　such　a　person；

could　do　to　thwart　it。　The　conquerors　of　Chili　and　Peru；　and　of

almost　all　the　other　Spanish　settlements　upon　the　continent　of

America；　carried　out　with　them　no　other　public　encouragement；　but

a　general　permission　to　make　settlements　and　conquests　in　the

name　of　the　king　of　Spain。　Those　adventures　were　all　at　the

private　risk　and　expense　of　the　adventurers。　The　government　of

Spain　contributed　scarce　anything　to　any　of　them。　That　of　England

contributed　as　little　towards　effectuating　the　establishment　of

some　of　its　most　important　colonies　in　North　America。

　　　　　When　those　establishments　were　effectuated；　and　had　become

so　considerable　as　to　attract　the　attention　of　the　mother

country；　the　first　regulations　which　she　made　with　regard　to　them

had　always　in　view　to　secure　to　herself　the　monopoly　of　their

commerce；　to　confine　their　market；　and　to　enlarge　her　own　at

their　expense；　and；　consequently；　rather　to　damp　and　discourage

than　to　quicken　and　forward　the　course　of　their　prosperity。　In

the　different　ways　in　which　this　monopoly　has　been　exercised

consists　one　of　the　most　essential　differences　in　the　policy　of

the　different　European　nations　with　regard　to　their　colonies。　The

best　of　them　all；　that　of　England；　is　only　somewhat　less

illiberal　and　oppressive　than　that　of　any　of　the　rest。

　　　　　In　what　way；　therefore；　has　the　policy　of　Europe　contributed

either　to　the　first　establishment；　or　to　the　present　grandeur　of

the　colonies　of　America？　In　one　way；　and　in　one　way　only；　it　has

contributed　a　good　deal。　Magna　virum　Mater！　It　bred　and　formed

the　men　who　were　capable　of　achieving　such　great　actions；　and　of

laying　the　foundation　of　so　great　an　empire；　and　there　is　no

other　quarter　of　the　world　of　which　the　policy　is　capable　of

forming；　or　has　ever　actually　and　in　fact　formed　such　men。　The

colonies　owe　to　the　policy　of　Europe　the　education　and　great

views　of　their　active　and　enterprising　founders；　and　some　of　the

greatest　and　most　important　of　them；　so　far　as　concerns　their

internal　government；　owe　to　it　scarce　anything　else。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　PART　3

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Of　the　Advantages　which　Europe　has　derived

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　from　the　Discovery　of　America；

　　　　　　　　　　　　　and　from　that　of　a　Passage　to　the　East　Indies

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　by　the　Cape　of　Good　Hope　

　　　　　SUCH　are　the　advantages　which　the　colonies　of　America　have

derived　from　the　policy　of　Europe。

　　　　　What　are　those　which　Europe　has　derived　from　the　discovery

and　colonization　of　America？

　　　　　Those　advantages　may　be　divided；　first；　into　the　general

advantages　which　Europe；　considered　as　one　great　country；　has

derived　from　those　great　events；　and；　secondly；　into　the

particular　advantages　which　each　colonizing　country　has　derived

from　the　colonies　which　particularly　belong　to　it；　in　consequence

of　the　authority　or　dominion　which　it　exercises　over　them。

　　　　　The　general　advantages　which　Europe；　considered　as　one　great

country；　has　derived　from　the　discovery　and　colonisation　of

America；　consist；　first；　in　the　increase　of　its　enjoyments；　and；

secondly；　in　the　augmentation　of　its　industry。

　　　　　The　sur