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importation　of　foreign　goods　which　secure　to　them　the　monopoly　of

the　home　market。　It　was　probably　in　imitation　of　them；　and　to　put

themselves　upon　a　level　with　those　who；　they　found；　were　disposed

to　oppress　them；　that　the　country　gentlemen　and　farmers　of　Great

Britain　in　so　far　forgot　the　generosity　which　is　natural　to　their

station　as　to　demand　the　exclusive　privilege　of　supplying　their

countrymen　with　corn　and　butcher's　meat。　They　did　not　perhaps

take　time　to　consider　how　much　less　their　interest　could　be

affected　by　the　freedom　of　trade　than　that　of　the　people　whose

example　they　followed。

　　　　　To　prohibit　by　a　perpetual　law　the　importation　of　foreign

corn　and　cattle　is　in　reality　to　enact　that　the　population　and

industry　of　the　country　shall　at　no　time　exceed　what　the　rude

produce　of　its　own　soil　can　maintain。

　　　　　There　seem；　however；　to　be　two　cases　in　which　it　will

generally　be　advantageous　to　lay　some　burden　upon　foreign　for　the

encouragement　of　domestic　industry。

　　　　　The　first　is；　when　some　particular　sort　of　industry　is

necessary　for　the　defence　of　the　country。　The　defence　of　Great

Britain；　for　example；　depends　very　much　upon　the　number　of　its

sailors　and　shipping。　The　Act　of　Navigation；　therefore；　very

properly　endeavours　to　give　the　sailors　and　shipping　of　Great

Britain　the　monopoly　of　the　trade　of　their　own　country　in　some

cases　by　absolute　prohibitions　and　in　others　by　heavy　burdens

upon　the　shipping　of　foreign　countries。　The　following　are　the

principal　dispositions　of　this　Act。

　　　　　First；　all　ships；　of　which　the　owners　and　three…fourths　of

the　mariners　are　not　British　subjects；　are　prohibited；　upon　pain

of　forfeiting　ship　and　cargo；　from　trading　to　the　British

settlements　and　plantations；　or　from　being　employed　in　the

coasting　trade　of　Great　Britain。

　　　　　Secondly；　a　great　variety　of　the　most　bulky　articles　of

importation　can　be　brought　into　Great　Britain　only；　either　in

such　ships　as　are　above　described；　or　in　ships　of　the　country

where　those　goods　are　purchased；　and　of　which　the　owners；

masters；　and　three…fourths　of　the　mariners　are　of　that　particular

country；　and　when　imported　even　in　ships　of　this　latter　kind；

they　are　subject　to　double　aliens'　duty。　If　imported　in　ships　of

any　other　country；　the　penalty　is　forfeiture　of　ship　and　goods。

When　this　act　was　made；　the　Dutch　were；　what　they　still　are；　the

great　carriers　of　Europe；　and　by　this　regulation　they　were

entirely　excluded　from　being　the　carriers　to　Great　Britain；　or

from　importing　to　us　the　goods　of　any　other　European　country。

　　　　　Thirdly；　a　great　variety　of　the　most　bulky　articles　of

importation　are　prohibited　from　being　imported；　even　in　British

ships；　from　any　country　but　that　in　which　they　are　produced；

under　pains　of　forfeiting　ship　and　cargo。　This　regulation；　too；

was　probably　intended　against　the　Dutch。　Holland　was　then；　as

now；　the　great　emporium　for　all　European　goods；　and　by　this

regulation　British　ships　were　hindered　from　loading　in　Holland

the　goods　of　any　other　European　country。

　　　　　Fourthly；　salt　fish　of　all　kinds；　whale…fins；　whale…bone；

oil；　and　blubber；　not　caught　by　and　cured　on　board　British

vessels；　when　imported　into　Great　Britain；　are　subjected　to

double　aliens'　duty。　The　Dutch；　as　they　are　they　the　principal；

were　then　the　only　fishers　in　Europe　that　attempted　to　supply

foreign　nations　with　fish。　By　this　regulation；　a　very　heavy

burden　was　laid　upon　their　supplying　Great　Britain。

　　　　　When　the　Act　of　Navigation　was　made；　though　England　and

Holland　were　not　actually　at　war；　the　most　violent　animosity

subsisted　between　the　two　nations。　It　had　begun　during　the

government　of　the　Long　Parliament；　which　first　framed　this　act；

and　it　broke　out　soon　after　in　the　Dutch　wars　during　that　of　the

Protector　and　of　Charles　the　Second。　It　is　not　impossible；

therefore；　that　some　of　the　regulations　of　this　famous　act　may

have　proceeded　from　national　animosity。　They　are　as　wise；

however；　as　if　they　had　all　been　dictated　by　the　most　deliberate

wisdom。　National　animosity　at　that　particular　time　aimed　at　the

very　same　object　which　the　most　deliberate　wisdom　would　have

recommended；　the　diminution　of　the　naval　power　of　Holland；　the

only　naval　power　which　could　endanger　the　security　of　England。

　　　　　The　Act　of　Navigation　is　not　favourable　to　foreign　commerce；

or　to　the　growth　of　that　opulence　which　can　arise　from　it。　The

interest　of　a　nation　in　its　commercial　relations　to　foreign

nations　is；　like　that　of　a　merchant　with　regard　to　the　different

people　with　whom　he　deals；　to　buy　as　cheap　and　to　sell　as　dear　as

possible。　But　it　will　be　most　likely　to　buy　cheap；　when　by　the

most　perfect　freedom　of　trade　it　encourages　all　nations　to　bring

to　it　the　goods　which　it　has　occasion　to　purchase；　and；　for　the

same　reason；　it　will　be　most　likely　to　sell　dear；　when　its

markets　are　thus　filled　with　the　greatest　number　of　buyers。　The

Act　of　Navigation；　it　is　true；　lays　no　burden　upon　foreign　ships

that　come　to　export　the　produce　of　British　industry。　Even　the

ancient　aliens'　duty；　which　used　to　be　paid　upon　all　goods

exported　as　well　as　imported；　has；　by　several　subsequent　acts；

been　taken　off　from　the　greater　part　of　the　articles　of

exportation。　But　if　foreigners；　either　by　prohibitions　or　high

duties；　are　hindered　from　coming　to　sell；　they　cannot　always

afford　to　come　to　buy；　because　coming　without　a　cargo；　they　must

lose　the　freight　from　their　own　country　to　Great　Britain。　By

diminishing　the　number　of　sellers；　therefore；　we　necessarily

diminish　that　of　buyers；　and　are　thus　likely　not　only　to　buy

foreign　goods　dearer；　but　to　sell　our　own　cheaper；　than　if　there

was　a　more　perfect　freedom　of　trade。　As　defence；　however　it　is　of

much　more　importance　than　opulence；　the　Act　of　Navigation　is；

perhaps；　the　wisest　of　all　the　commercial　regulations　of　England。

　　　　　The　second　case；　in　which　it　will　generally　be　advantageous

to　lay　some　burden　upon　foreign　for　the　encouragement　of　domestic

industry　is；　when　some　tax　is　imposed　at　home　upon　the　produce　of

the　latter。　In　this　case；　it　seems　reasonable　that　an　equal　tax

should　be　imposed　upon　the　like　produce　of　the　former。　This　would

not　give　the　monopoly　of　the　home　market　to　domestic　industry；

nor　turn　towards　a　particular　employment　a　greater　share　of　the

stock　and　labour　of　the　country　than　what　would　naturally　go　to

it。　It　would　only　hinder　any　part　of　what　would　naturally　go　to

it　from　being　turned　away　by　the　tax　into　a　less　natural

direction；　and　would　leave　the　competition　between　foreign　and

domestic　industry；　after　the　tax；　as　nearly　as　possible　upon　the

same　footing　as　before　it。　In　Great　Britain；　when　any　such　tax　is

laid　upon　the　produce　of　domestic　industry；　it　is　usual　at　the

same　time；　in　order　to　stop　the　clamorous　complaints　of　our

merchants　and　manufacturers　that　they　will　be　undersold　at　home；

to　lay　a　much　heavier　duty　upon　the　importation　of　all　foreign

goods　of　the　same　kind。

　　　　　This　second　limitation　of　the　freedom　of　trade　according　to

some　people　should；　upon　some　occasions；　be　extended　much　farther

than　to　the　precise　foreign　commodities　which　could　come　into

competition　with　those　which　had　been　taxed　at　home。　When　the

necessaries　of　life　have　been　taxed　any　country；　it　becomes

proper；　they　pretend；　to　tax　not　only　the　like　necessaries　of

life　imported　from　other　countries；　but　all　sorts　of　foreign

goods　which　can　come　into　competition　with　anything　that　is　the

produce　of　domestic　industry。　Subsistence；　they　say；　becomes

necessarily　dearer　in　consequence　of　such　taxes；　and　the　price　of

labour　must　always　rise　with　the　price　of　the　labourers'

subsistence。　Every　commodity；　therefore；　which　is　the　produce　of

domestic　industry；　though　not　immediately　taxed　itself；　becomes

dearer　in　consequence　of　such　taxes；　because　the　labour　which

produces　it　becomes　so。　Such　taxes；　therefore；　are　really

equivalent；　they　say；　to　a　tax　upon　every　particular　commodity

produced　at　home。　In　order　to　put　domestic　upon　the　same　footing

with　foreign　industry；　therefore；　it　becomes　necessary；　they

think；　to　lay　some　duty　upon　every　foreign　commodity　equal　to

this　enhancement　of　the　price　of　the　home　commodities　with　which

it　can　come　into　competition。

　　　　　Whether　taxes　upon　the　necessaries　of　life；　such　as　those　in

Great　Britain　upon　soap；　salt；　leather；　candles；　etc。；

necessarily　raise　the　price　of　labour；　and　consequently　that　of

all　other　commodities；　I　shall　consider　hereafter　when　I　come　to

treat　of　taxes。　Supposing；　however；　in　the　meantime；　that　they

have　this　effect；　and　they　have　it　undoubtedly；　this　general

enhancement　of　the　price　of　all　commodities；　in　consequence　of

that　of　labour；　is　a　case　which　differs　in　the　two　following

respects　from　that　of　a　particular　commodity　of　which　the　price

was　enhanced　by　a　particular　tax　immediately　imposed　upon　it。

　　　　　First；　it　might　always　be　known　with　great　exactness　how　far

the　price　of　such　a　commodity　could　be　enhanced　by　such　a　tax：

but　how　far　the　general　enhancement　of　the　price　of　labour　m