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the　continent　to　be　beaten　by　none　other　in　salubrity；　fertility；　beauty；　and　political　importancewill　it　not　then　be　admitted　that　the　war　has　done　some　good；　and　that　the　life　and　treasure　have　not　been　spent　in　vain？　That　is　the　termination　of　the　contest　to　which　I　look　forward。　　I　think　that　there　will　be　secession；　but　that　the　terms　of　secession　will　be　dictated　by　the　North；　not　by　the　South；　and　among　these　terms　I　expect　to　see　an　escape　from　slavery　for　those　border　States　to　which　I　have　alluded。　　In　that　proposition　which　in　February　last　（1862）　was　made　by　the　President；　and　which　has　since　been　sanctioned　by　the　Senate；　I　think　we　may　see　the　first　step　toward　this　measure。　　It　may　probably　be　the　case　that　many　of　the　slaves　will　be　driven　South；　that　as　the　owners　of　those　slaves　are　driven　from　their　holdings　in　Virginia　they　will　take　their　slaves　with　them；　or　send　them　before　them。　　The　manumission；　when　it　reaches　Virginia；　will　not　probably　enfranchise　the　half　million　of　slaves　who；　in　1860；　were　counted　among　its　population。　　But　as　to　that　I　confess　myself　to　be　comparatively　careless；　it　is　not　the　concern　which　I　have　now　at　heart。　　For　myself；　I　shall　feel　satisfied　if　that　manumission　shall　reach　the　million　of　whites　by　whom　Virginia　is　populated；　or　if　not　that　million　in　its　integrity；　then　that　other　million　by　which　its　rich　soil　would　soon　be　tenanted。　　There　are　now　about　four　million　of　white　men　and　women　inhabiting　the　slave　States　which　I　have　described；　and　I　think　it　will　be　acknowledged　that　the　Northern　States　will　have　done　something　with　their　armies　if　they　succeed　in　rescuing　those　four　millions　from　the　stain　and　evil　of　slavery。　There　is　a　third　question　which　I　have　asked　myself；　and　to　which　I　have　undertaken　to　give　some　answer。　　When　this　war　be　over　between　the　Northern　and　Southern　States；　will　there　come　upon　us　a　necessity　of　fighting　with　the　Americans？　　If　there　do　come　such　necessity；　arising　out　of　our　conduct　to　the　States　during　the　period　of　their　civil　war；　it　will　indeed　be　hard　upon　us；　as　a　nation；　seeing　the　struggle　that　we　as　a　nation　have　made　to　be　just　in　our　dealings　toward　the　States　generally；　whether　they　be　North　or　South。　　To　be　just　in　such　a　period；　and　under　such　circumstances；　is　very　difficult。　　In　that　contest　between　Sardinia　and　Austria　it　was　all　but　impossible　to　be　just　to　the　Italians　without　being　unjust　to　the　Emperor　of　Austria。　　To　have　been　strictly　just　at　the　moment　one　should　have　begun　by　confessing　the　injustice　of　so　much　that　had　gone　before！　　But　in　this　American　contest　such　justice；　though　difficult；　was　easier。　　Affairs　of　trade　rather　than　of　treaties　chiefly　interfered；　and　these　affairs；　by　a　total　disregard　of　our　own　pecuniary　interests；　could　be　so　managed　that　justice　might　be　done。　　This　I　think　was　effected。　　It　may　be；　of　course；　that　I　am　prejudiced　on　the　side　of　my　own　nation；　but　striving　to　judge　of　the　matter　as　best　I　may　without　prejudice；　I　cannot　see　that　we；　as　a　nation；　have　in　aught　offended　against　the　strictest　justice　in　our　dealings　with　America　during　this　contest。　　But　justice　has　not　sufficed。　　I　do　not　know　that　our　bitterest　foes　in　the　Northern　States　have　accused　us　of　acting　unjustly。　　It　is　not　justice　which　they　have　looked　for　at　our　hands；　and　looked　for　in　vainnot　justice；　but　generosity！　　We　have　not；　as　they　say；　sympathized　with　them　in　their　trouble。　　It　seems　to　me　that　such　a　complaint　is　unworthy　of　them　as　a　nation；　as　a　people；　or　as　individuals。　　In　such　a　matter　generosity　is　another　name　for　injustice；　as　it　too　often　is　in　all　matters。　　A　generous　sympathy　with　the　North　would　have　been　an　ostensible　and　crushing　enmity　to　the　South。　　We　could　not　have　sympathized　with　the　North　without　condemning　the　South；　and　telling　to　the　world　that　the　South　were　our　enemies。　　In　ordering　his　own　household　a　man　should　not　want　generosity　or　sympathy　from　the　outside；　and　if　not　a　man；　then　certainly　not　a　nation。　　Generosity　between　nations　must　in　its　very　nature　be　wrong。　　One　nation　may　be　just　to　another；　courteous　to　another；　even　considerate　to　another　with　propriety。　　But　no　nation　can　be　generous　to　another　without　injustice　either　to　some　third　nation　or　to　itself。　But　though　no　accusation　of　unfairness　has；　as　far　as　I　am　aware；　ever　been　made　by　the　government　of　Washington　against　the　government　of　England；　there　can　be　no　doubt　that　a　very　strong　feeling　of　antipathy　to　England　has　sprung　up　in　America　during　this　war；　and　that　it　is　even　yet　so　intense　in　its　bitterness　that；　were　the　North　to　become　speedily　victorious　in　their　present　contest；　very　many　Americans　would　be　anxious　to　turn　their　arms　at　once　against　Canada。　　And　I　fear　that　that　fight　between　the　Monitor　and　the　Merrimac　has　strengthened　this　wish　by　giving　to　the　Americans　an　unwarranted　confidence　in　their　capability　of　defending　themselves　against　any　injury　from　British　shipping。　　It　may　be　said　by　them；　and　probably　would　be　said　by　many　of　them；　that　this　feeling　of　enmity　had　not　been　engendered　by　any　idea　of　national　injustice　on　our　side；　that　it　might　reasonably　exist；　though　no　suspicion　of　such　injustice　had　arisen　in　the　minds　of　any。　　They　would　argue　that　the　hatred　on　their　part　had　been　engendered　by　scorn　on　oursby　scorn　and　ill　words　heaped　upon　them　in　their　distress。　They　would　say　that　slander；　scorn；　and　uncharitable　judgments　create　deeper　feuds　than　do　robbery　and　violence；　and　produce　deeper　enmity　and　worse　rancor。　　〃It　is　because　we　have　been　scorned　by　England；　that　we　hate　England。　　We　have　been　told　from　week　to　week；　and　from　day　to　day；　that　we　were　fools；　cowards；　knaves；　and　madmen。　　We　have　been　treated　with　disrespect；　and　that　disrespect　we　will　avenge。〃　　It　is　thus　that　they　speak　of　England；　and　there　can　be　no　doubt　that　the　opinion　so　expressed　is　very　general。　　It　is　not　my　purpose　here　to　say　whether　in　this　respect　England　has　given　cause　of　offense　to　the　States；　or　whether　either　country　has　given　cause　of　offense　to　the　other。　　On　both　sides　have　many　hard　words　been　spoken；　and　on　both　sides　also　have　good　words　been　spoken。　　It　is　unfortunately　the　case　that　hard　words　are　pregnant；　and　as　such　they　are　read；　digested；　and　remembered；　while　good　words　are　generally　so　dull　that　nobody　reads　them　willingly；　and　when　read；　they　are　forgotten。　　For　many　years　there　have　been　hard　words　bandied　backward　and　forward　between　England　and　the　United　States；　showing　mutual　jealousies；　and　a　disposition　on　the　part　of　each　nation　to　spare　no　fault　committed　by　the　other。　　This　has　grown　of　rivalry　between　the　two；　and　in　fact　proves　the　respect　which　each　has　for　the　other's　power　and　wealth。　　I　will　not　now　pretend　to　say　with　which　side　has　been　the　chiefest　blame；　if　there　has　been　chiefest　blame　on　either　side。　　But　I　do　say　that　it　is　monstrous　in　any　people　or　in　any　person　to　suppose　that　such　bickerings　can　afford　a　proper　ground　for　war。　　I　am　not　about　to　dilate　on　the　horrors　of　war。　　Horrid　as　war　may　be；　and　full　of　evil；　it　is　not　so　horrid　to　a　nation；　nor　so　full　of　evil；　as　national　insult　unavenged　or　as　national　injury　unredressed。　　A　blow　taken　by　a　nation　and　taken　without　atonement　is　an　acknowledgment　of　national　inferiority；　than　which　any　war　is　preferable。　　Neither　England　nor　the　States　are　inclined　to　take　such　blows。　　But　such　a　blow；　before　it　can　be　regarded　as　a　national　insult；　as　a　wrong　done　by　one　nation　to　another；　must　be　inflicted　by　the　political　entity　of　the　one　or　the　political　entity　of　the　other。　　No　angry　clamors　of　the　press；　no　declamations　of　orators；　no　voices　from　the　people；　no　studied　criticisms　from　the　learned　few；　or　unstudied　censures　from　society　at　large；　can　have　any　fair　weight　on　such　a　creation　or　do　aught　toward　justifying　a　national　quarrel。　　They　cannot　form　a　casus　belli。　　Those　two　Latin　words；　which　we　all　understand；　explain　this　with　the　utmost　accuracy。　　Were　it　not　so；　the　peace　of　the　world　would　indeed　rest　upon　sand。　　Causes　of　national　difference　will　arisefor　governments　will　be　unjust　as　are　individuals。　　And　causes　of　difference　will　arise　because　governments　are　too　blind　to　distinguish　the　just　from　the　unjust。　But　in　such　cases　the　government　acts　on　some　ground　which　it　declares。　　It　either　shows　or　pretends　to　show　some　casus　belli。　But　in　this　matter　of　threatened　war　between　the　States　and　England　it　is　declared　openly　that　such　war　is　to　take　place　because　the　English　have　abused　the　Americans；　and　because　consequently　the　Americans　hate　the　English。　　There　seems　to　exist　an　impression　that　no　other　ostensible　ground　for　fighting　need　be　shown；　although　such　an　event　as　that　of　war　between　the　two　nations　would；　as　all　men　acknowledge；　be　terrible　in　its　results。　　〃Your　newspapers　insulted　us　when　we　were　in　our　difficulties。　　Your　writers　said　evil　things　of　us。　　Your　legislators　spoke　of　us　with　scorn。　　You　exacted　from　us　a　disagreeable　duty　of　retribution　just　when　the　performance　of　such　a　duty　was　most　odious　to　us。　　You　have　shown　symptoms　of　joy　at　our　sorrow。　　And；　therefore；　as　soon　as　our　hands　are　at　liberty；　we　will　fight　you。〃　　I　have　known　school…boys　to　argue　in　tha