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　be　indifferent　about　its　government；　and　will　require　to　know　where　its　money　goes；　and　why　it　goes。　　This　franking　privilege　is　already　doomed；　if　not　already　dead。　　When　I　was　in　Washington；　a　bill　was　passed　through　the　Lower　House　by　which　it　would　be　abolished　altogether。　　When　I　left　America；　its　fate　in　the　Senate　was　still　doubtful；　and　I　was　told　by　many　that　that　bill　would　not　be　allowed　to　become　law　without　sundry　alterations。　　But；　nevertheless；　I　regard　the　franking　privilege　as　doomed；　and　offer　to　the　Washington　post…office　officials　my　best　congratulations　on　their　coming　deliverance。　The　post…office　in　the　States　is　also　burdened　by　another　terrible　political　evil；　which　in　itself　is　so　heavy　that　one　would　at　first　sight　declare　it　to　be　enough　to　prevent　anything　like　efficiency。　The　whole　of　its　staff　is　removable　every　fourth　yearthat　is　to　say；　on　the　election　of　every　new　President；　and　a　very　large　proportion　of　its　staff　is　thus　removed　periodically　to　make　way　for　those　for　whom　a　new　President　is　bound　to　provide；　by　reason　of　their　services　in　sending　him　to　the　White　House。　　They　have　served　him；　and　he　thus　repays　them　by　this　use　of　his　patronage　in　their　favor。　　At　four　hundred　and　thirty…four　post…offices　in　the　States　those　being　the　offices　to　which　the　highest　salaries　are　attached　the　President　has　this　power；　and　exercises　it　as　a　matter　of　course。　　He　has　the　same　power　with　reference；　I　believe；　to　all　the　appointments　held　in　the　post…office　at　Washington。　　This　practice　applies　by　no　means　to　the　post…office　only。　　All　the　government　clerksclerks　employed　by　the　central　government　at　Washingtonare　subject　to　the　same　rule。　　And　the　rule　has　also　been　adopted　in　the　various　States　with　reference　to　State　offices。　To　a　stranger　this　practice　seems　so　manifestly　absurd　that　he　can　hardly　conceive　it　possible　that　a　government　service　should　be　conducted　on　such　terms。　　He　cannot；　in　the　first　place；　believe　that　men　of　sufficient　standing　before　the　world　could　be　found　to　accept　office　under　such　circumstances；　and　is　led　to　surmise　that　men　of　insufficient　standing　must　be　employed；　and　that　there　are　other　allurements　to　the　office　beyond　the　very　moderate　salaries　which　are　allowed。　　He　cannot；　moreover；　understand　how　the　duties　can　be　conducted；　seeing　that　men　must　be　called　on　to　resign　their　places　as　soon　as　they　have　learned　to　make　themselves　useful。　　And；　finally；　he　is　lost　in　amazement　as　he　contemplates　this　barefaced　prostitution　of　the　public　employ　to　the　vilest　purposes　of　political　manoeuvring。　　With　us　also　patronage　has　been　used　for　political　purposes；　and　to　some　small　extent　is　still　so　used。　　We　have　not　yet　sufficiently　recognized　the　fact　that　in　selecting　a　public　servant　nothing　should　be　regarded　but　the　advantage　of　the　service　for　which　he　is　to　be　employed。　　But　we　never；　in　the　lowest　times　of　our　political　corruption；　ventured　to　throw　over　the　question　of　service　altogether；　and　to　declare　publicly　that　the　one　and　only　result　to　be　obtained　by　government　employment　was　political　support。　　In　the　States；　political　corruption　has　become　so　much　a　matter　of　course　that　no　American　seems　to　be　struck　with　the　fact　that　the　whole　system　is　a　system　of　robbery。　From　sheer　necessity　some　of　the　old　hands　are　kept　on　when　these　changes　are　made。　　Were　this　not　done；　the　work　would　come　absolutely　to　a　dead　lock。　　But　as　it　is；　it　may　be　imagined　how　difficult　it　must　be　for　men　to　carry　through　any　improvements　in　a　great　department；　when　they　have　entered　an　office　under　such　a　system；　and　are　liable　to　be　expelled　under　the　same。　　It　is　greatly　to　the　praise　of　those　who　have　been　allowed　to　grow　old　in　the　service　that　so　much　has　been　done。　　No　men；　however；　are　more　apt　at　such　work　than　Americans；　or　more　able　to　exert　themselves　at　their　posts。　　They　are　not　idle。　　Independently　of　any　question　of　remuneration；　they　are　not　indifferent　to　the　well…being　of　the　work　they　have　in　hand。　　They　are　good　public　servants；　unless　corruption　come　in　their　way。　While　speaking　on　the　subject　of　patronage；　I　cannot　but　allude　to　two　appointments　which　had　been　made　by　political　interest；　and　with　the　circumstances　of　which　I　became　acquainted。　　In　both　instances　a　good　place　had　been　given　to　a　gentleman　by　the　incoming　President　not　in　return　for　political　support；　but　from　motives　of　private　friendshipeither　his　own　friendship　or　that　of　some　mutual　friend。　In　both　instances　I　heard　the　selection　spoken　of　with　the　warmest　praise；　as　though　a　noble　act　had　been　done　in　the　selection　of　a　private　friend　instead　of　a　political　partisan。　　And　yet　in　each　case　a　man　was　appointed　who　knew　nothing　of　his　work；　who；　from　age　and　circumstances；　was　not　likely　to　become　acquainted　with　his　work；　who；　by　his　appointment；　kept　out　of　the　place　those　who　did　understand　the　work；　and　had　earned　a　right　to　promotion　by　so　understanding　it。　　Two　worthy　gentlemenfor　they　were　both　worthy　were　pensioned　on　the　government　for　a　term　of　years　under　a　false　pretense。　　That　this　should　have　been　done　is　not　perhaps　remarkable；　but　it　did　seem　remarkable　to　me　that　everybody　regarded　such　appointments　as　a　good　deedas　a　deed　so　exceptionably　good　as　to　be　worthy　of　great　praise。　　I　do　not　allude　to　these　selections　on　account　of　the　political　view　shown　by　the　Presidents　in　making　them；　but　on　account　of　the　political　virtue；　in　order　that　the　nature　of　political　virtue　in　the　States　may　be　understood。　　It　had　never　occurred　to　any　one　to　whom　I　spoke　on　the　subject；　that　a　President　in　the　bestowing　of　such　places　was　bound　to　look　for　efficient　work　in　return　for　the　public　money　which　was　to　be　paid。　Before　I　end　this　chapter　I　must　insert　a　few　details　respecting　the　post…office　of　the　States；　which；　though　they　may　not　be　specially　interesting　to　the　general　reader；　will　give　some　idea　of　the　extent　of　the　department。　　The　total　number　of　post…offices　in　the　States　on　June　30th；　1861；　was　28；586。　　With　us　the　number　in　England；　Scotland；　and　Ireland；　at　the　same　period；　was　about　11；400。　　The　population　served　may　be　regarded　as　nearly　the　same。　　Our　lowest　salary　is　3l。　per　annum。　　In　the　States　the　remuneration　is　often　much　lower。　　It　consist　in　a　commission　on　the　letters；　and　is　sometimes　less　than　ten　shillings。　　The　difficulty　of　obtaining　persons　to　hold　these　offices；　and　the　amount　of　work　which　must　thereby　be　thrown　on　what　is　called　the　〃appointment　branch；〃　may　be　judged　by　the　fact　that　9235　of　these　offices　were　filled　up　by　new　nominations　during　the　last　year。　　When　the　patronage　is　of　such　a　nature　it　is　difficult　to　say　which　give　most　trouble；　the　places　which　nobody　wishes　to　have；　or　those　which　everybody　wishes　to　have。　The　total　amount　of　postage　on　European　letters；　i。e。　letters　passing　between　the　States　and　Europe；　in　the　last　year；　as　to　which　accounts　were　kept　between　Washington　and　the　European　post…offices；　was　275；000l。　　Of　this　over　150；000l。　was　on　letters　for　the　United　Kingdom；　and　130；000l。　was　on　letters　carried　by　the　Cunard　packets。　According　to　the　accounts　kept　by　the　Washington　office；　the　letters　passing　from　the　States　to　Europe　and　from　Europe　to　the　States　are　very　nearly　equal　in　number；　about　101　going　to　Europe　for　every　100　received　from　Europe。　　But　the　number　of　newspapers　sent　from　the　States　is　more　than　double　the　number　received　in　the　States　from　Europe。　On　June　30th；　1861；　mails　were　carried　through　the　then　loyal　States　of　the　Union　over　140；400　miles　daily。　　Up　to　31st　May　preceding；　at　which　time　the　government　mails　were　running　all　through　the　united　States；　96；000　miles　were　covered　in　those　States　which　had　then　virtually　seceded；　and　which　in　the　following　month　were　taken　out　from　the　post…office　accountsmaking　a　total　of　236；400　miles　daily。　　Of　this　mileage　something　less　than　one…third　is　effected　by　railways；　at　an　average　cost　of　about　six　pence　a　mile。　　Our　total　mileage　per　day　is　151；000　miles；　of　which　43；823　are　done　by　railway；　at　a　cost　of　about　seven　pence　half…penny　per　mile。　As　far　as　I　could　learn；　the　servants　of　the　post…office　are　less　liberally　paid　in　the　States　than　with　us；　excepting　as　regards　two　classes。　　The　first　of　these　is　that　class　which　is　paid　by　weekly　wages；　such　as　letter…carriers　and　porters。　　Their　remuneration　is　of　course　ruled　by　the　rate　of　ordinary　wages　in　the　country；　and　as　ordinary　wages　are　higher　in　the　States　than　with　us；　such　men　are　paid　accordingly。　　The　other　class　is　that　of　postmasters　at　second…　rate　towns。　　They　receive　the　same　compensation　as　those　at　the　largest　townsunless　indeed　there　be　other　compensations　than　those　written　in　the　books　at　Washington。　　A　postmaster　is　paid　a　certain　commission　on　letters；　till　it　amounts　to　400l。　per　annum：　all　above　that　going　back　to　the　government。　　So　also　out　of　the　fees　paid　for　boxes　at　the　window　he　receives　any　amount　forthcoming　not　exceeding　400l。　a　year；　making　in　all　a　maximum　of　800l。　　The　postmaster　of　New　York　can　get　no　more；　but　any　moderately　large　town　will　give　as　much；　and　in　this　way　an　amount　of　patronage　is　provided　which　in　a　political　view　is　really　valuable。　But　with　all　this　the　people　hav