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unition; or wagons; the forage of horses; the transport of troops; or any of those incidental expenses of warfare which are always; I presume; heavier than the absolute cost of the men; and which; in this war; have been probably heavier than in any war ever waged on the face of God's earth。  Nor does it include that terrible item of peculation; as to which I will say a word or two before I finish this chapter。 The yearly total payment of the officers and soldiers of the army is as follows。  As regards the officers; it must be understood that this includes all the allowances made to them; except as regards those on the staff。  The sums named apply only to the infantry and artillery。  The pay of the cavalry is about ten per cent。 higher:

Lieutenant…General*     1850 pounds。 Major…general           1150    〃 Brigadier…General        800    〃 Colonel                  530    〃 Lieutenant…Colonel**     475    〃 Major                    430    〃 Captain                  300    〃 First Lieutenant         265    〃 Second Lieutenant        245    〃 First Sergeant            48    〃 Sergeant                  40    〃 Corporal                  34    〃 Private                   31    〃

* General Scott alone holds that rank in the United States Army。 ** A colonel and lieutenant…colonel are attached to each regiment。

In every grade named the pay is; I believe; higher than that given by us; or; as I imagine; by any other nation。  It is; however; probable that the extra allowances paid to some of our higher officers when on duty may give to their positions for a time a higher pecuniary remuneration。  It will of course be understood that there is nothing in the American army answering to our colonel of a regiment。  With us the officer so designated holds a nominal command of high dignity and emolument as a reward for past services。 I have already spoken of my visits to the camps of the other armies in the field; that of General Halleck; who held his headquarters at St。 Louis; in Missouri; and that of General Buell; who was at Louisville; in Kentucky。  There was also a fourth army under General Hunter; in Kansas; but I did not make my way as far west as that。  I do not pretend to any military knowledge; and should be foolish to attempt military criticism; but as far as I could judge by appearance; I should say that the men in Buell's army were; of the three; in the best order。  They seemed to me to be cleaner than the others; and; as far as I could learn; were in better health。  Want of discipline and dirt have; no doubt; been the great faults of the regiments generally; and the latter drawback may probably be included in the former。  These men have not been accustomed to act under the orders of superiors; and when they entered on the service hardly recognized the fact that they would have to do so in aught else than in their actual drill and fighting。  It is impossible to conceive any class of men to whom the necessary discipline of a soldier would come with more difficulty than to an American citizen。 The whole training of his life has been against it。  He has never known respect for a master; or reverence for men of a higher rank than himself。  He has probably been made to work hard for his wages harder than an Englishman worksbut he has been his employer's equal。  The language between them has been the language of equals; and their arrangement as to labor and wages has been a contract between equals。  If he did not work he would not get his moneyand perhaps not if he did。  Under these circumstances he has made his fight with the world; but those circumstances have never taught him that special deference to a superior; which is the first essential of a soldier's duty。  But probably in no respect would that difficulty be so severely felt as in all matters appertaining to personal habits。  Here at any rate the man would expect to be still his own master; acting for himself and independent of all outer control。  Our English Hodge; when taken from the plow to the camp; would; probably; submit without a murmur to soap and water and a barber's shears; he would have received none of that education which would prompt him to rebel against such ordinances; but the American citizen; who for awhile expects to shake hands with his captain whenever he sees him; and is astonished when he learns that he must not offer him drinks; cannot at once be brought to understand that he is to be treated like a child in the nursery; that he must change his shirt so often; wash himself at such and such intervals; and go through a certain process of cleansing his outward garments daily。 I met while traveling a sergeant of a regiment of the American regulars; and he spoke of the want of discipline among the volunteers as hopeless。  But even he instanced it chiefly by their want of cleanliness。  〃They wear their shirts till they drop off their backs;〃 said he; 〃and what can you expect from such men as that?〃  I liked that sergeant for his zeal and intelligence; and also for his courtesy when he found that I was an Englishman; for previous to his so finding he had begun to abuse the English roundlybut I did not quite agree with him about the volunteers。 It is very bad that soldiers should be dirty; bad also that they should treat their captains with familiarity; and desire to exchange drinks with the majors。  But even discipline is not everything; and discipline will come at last even to the American soldiers; distasteful as it may be; when the necessity for it is made apparent。  But these volunteers have great military virtues。  They are intelligent; zealous in their cause; handy with arms; willing enough to work at all military duties; and personally brave。  On the other hand; they are sickly; and there has been a considerable amount of drunkenness among them。  No man who has looked to the subject can; I think; doubt that a native American has a lower physical development than an Irishman; a German; or an Englishman。 They become old sooner; and die at an earlier age。  As to that matter of drink; I do not think that much need be said against them。 English soldiers get drunk when they have the means of doing so; and American soldiers would not get drunk if the means were taken away from them。  A little drunkenness goes a long way in a camp; and ten drunkards will give a bad name to a company of a hundred。  Let any man travel with twenty men of whom four are tipsy; and on leaving them he will tell you that every man of them was a drunkard。 I have said that these men are brave; and I have no doubt that they are so。  How should it be otherwise with men of such a race?  But it must be remembered that there are two kinds of courage; one of which is very common and the other very uncommon。  Of the latter description of courage it cannot be expected that much should be found among the privates of any army; and perhaps not very many examples among the officers。  It is a courage self…sustained; based on a knowledge of the right; and on a life…long calculation that any results coming from adherence to the right will be preferable to any that can be produced by a departure from it。  This is the courage which will enable a man to stand his ground; in battle or elsewhere; though broken worlds should fall around him。  The other courage; which is mainly an affair of the heart or blood and not of the brain; always requires some outward support。  The man who finds himself prominent in danger bears himself gallantly; because the eyes of many will see him; whether as an old man he leads an army; or as a young man goes on a forlorn hope; or as a private carries his officer on his back out of the fire; he is sustained by the love of praise。  And the men who are not individually prominent in danger; who stand their ground shoulder to shoulder; bear themselves gallantly also; each trusting in the combined strength of his comrades。  When such combined courage has been acquired; that useful courage is engendered which we may rather call confidence; and which of all courage is the most serviceable in the army。  At the battle of Bull's Run the army of the North became panic…stricken; and fled。 From this fact many have been led to believe that the American soldiers would not fight well; and that they could not be brought to stand their ground under fire。  This I think has been an unfair conclusion。  In the first place; the history of the battle of Bull's Run has yet to be written; as yet the history of the flight only has been given to us。  As far as I can learn; the Northern soldiers did at first fight well; so well; that the army of the South believed itself to be beaten。  But a panic was createdat first; as it seems; among the teamsters and wagons。  A cry was raised; and a rush was made by hundreds of drivers with their carts and horses; and then men who had never seen war before; who had not yet had three months' drilling as soldiers; to whom the turmoil of that day must have seemed as though hell were opening upon them; joined themselves to the general clamor and fled to Washington; believing that all was lost。  But at the same time the regiments of the enemy were going through the same farce in the other direction!  It was a battle between troops who knew nothing of battles; of soldiers who were not

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