the man versus the state-第30节

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ly　here　and　there　a　solitary　citizen　may　have　his　political　creed　modified。　Of　these　reasons　there　is　one　from　which　all　the　others　originate。　　　　　　This　essential　reason　is　that　the　restriction　of　governmental　power　within　the　limits　assigned；　is　appropriate　to　the　industrial　type　of　society　only；　and；　while　wholly　incongruous　with　the　militant　type　of　society；　is　partially　incongruous　with　that　semi…militant　semi…industrial　type；　which　now　characterizes　advanced　nations。　At　every　stage　of　social　evolution　there　must　exist　substantial　agreement　between　practices　and　beliefs　　real　beliefs　I　mean；　not　nominal　ones。　Life　can　be　carried　on　only　by　the　harmonizing　of　thoughts　and　acts。　Either　the　conduct　required　by　circumstances　must　modify　the　beliefs　to　fit　it；　or　else　the　changed　beliefs　must　eventually　modify　the　conduct。　　　　　　Hence　if　the　maintenance　of　social　life　under　one　set　of　conditions；　necessitates　extreme　subordination　to　a　ruler　and　entire　faith　in　him；　there　will　be　established　a　theory　that　the　subordination　and　the　faith　are　proper　　nay　imperative。　Conversely　if；　under　other　conditions；　great　subjection　of　citizens　to　government　is　no　longer　needful　for　preservation　of　the　national　life　　if；　contrariwise；　the　national　life　becomes　larger　in　amount　and　higher　in　quality　as　fast　as　citizens　gain　increased　freedom　of　action；　there　comes　a　progressive　modification　of　their　political　theory；　having　the　result　of　diminishing　their　faith　in　governmental　action；　increasing　their　tendency　to　question　governmental　authority；　and　leading　them　in　more　numerous　cases　to　resist　governmental　power：　involving；　eventually；　an　established　doctrine　of　limitation。　　　　　　Thus　it　is　not　to　be　expected　that　current　opinion　respecting　governmental　authority；　can　at　present　be　modified　to　any　great　extent。　But　let　us　look　at　the　necessities　of　the　case　more　closely。

Manifestly　the　success　of　an　army　depends　very　much　on　the　faith　of　the　soldiers　in　their　general：　disbelief　in　his　ability　will　go　far　towards　paralysing　them　in　battle；　while　absolute　confidence　in　him　will　make　them　fulfil　their　respective　parts　with　courage　and　energy。　If；　as　in　the　normally…developed　militant　type　of　society；　the　ruler　in　peace　and　the　leader　in　war　are　one　and　the　same；　this　confidence　in　him　extends　from　military　action　to　civil　action；　and　the　society；　in　large　measure　identical　with　the　army；　willingly　accepts　his　judgments　as　law…giver。　Even　where　the　civil　head；　ceasing　to　be　the　military　head；　does　his　generalship　by　deputy；　there　still　clings　to　him　the　traditional　faith。　　　　　　Similarly　with　the　willingness　to　obey。　Other　things　equal　an　army　of　insubordinate　soldiers　fails　before　an　army　of　subordinate　soldiers。　Those　whose　obedience　to　their　leader　is　perfect　and　prompt；　are　obviously　more　likely　to　succeed　in　battle　than　are　those　who　disregard　the　commands　issued　to　them。　And　as　with　the　army　so　with　the　society　as　a　whole；　success　in　war　must　largely　depend　on　that　conformity　to　the　ruler's　will　which　brings　men　and　money　when　wanted；　and　adjusts　all　conduct　to　his　needs。　　　　　　Thus　by　survival　of　the　fittest；　the　militant　type　of　society　becomes　characterized　by　profound　faith　in　the　governing　power；　joined　with　a　loyalty　causing　submission　to　it　in　all　matters　whatever。　And　there　must　tend　to　be　established　among　those　who　speculate　about　political　affairs　in　a　militant　society；　a　theory　giving　form　to　the　needful　ideas　and　feelings；　accompanied　by　assertions　that　the　law…giver　if　not　divine　in　nature　is　divinely　directed；　and　that　unlimited　obedience　to　him　is　divinely　ordered。　　　　　Change　in　the　ideas　and　feelings　which　thus　become　characteristic　of　the　militant　form　of　organization；　can　take　place　only　where　circumstances　favour　development　of　the　industrial　form　of　organization。　Being　carried　on　by　voluntary　co…operation　instead　of　by　compulsory　co…operation；　industrial　life　as　we　now　know　it；　habituates　men　to　independent　activities；　leads　them　to　enforce　their　own　claims　while　respecting　the　claims　of　others；　strengthens　the　consciousness　of　personal　rights；　and　prompts　them　to　resist　excesses　of　governmental　control。　But　since　the　circumstances　which　render　war　less　frequent　arise　but　slowly；　and　since　the　modifications　of　nature　caused　by　the　transition　from　a　life　predominantly　militant　to　a　life　predominantly　industrial　can　therefore　go　on　only　little　by　little；　it　happens　that　the　old　sentiments　and　ideas　give　place　to　new　ones；　by　small　degrees　only。　And　there　are　several　reasons　why　the　transition　not　only　is；　but　ought　to　be；　gradual。　Here　are　some　of　them。　

In　the　primitive　man　and　in　man　but　little　civilized；　there　does　not　exist　the　nature　required　for　extensive　voluntary　co…operations。　Efforts　willingly　united　with　those　of　others　for　a　common　advantage；　imply；　if　the　undertaking　is　large；　a　perseverance　he　does　not　possess。　Moreover；　where　the　benefits　to　be　achieved　are　distant　and　unfamiliar；　as　are　many　for　which　men　now…a…days　combine；　there　needs　a　strength　of　constructive　imagination　not　to　be　found　in　the　minds　of　the　uncivilized。　And　yet　again；　great　combinations　of　a　private　kind　for　wholesale　production；　for　large　enterprises；　and　for　other　purposes；　require　a　graduated　subordination　of　the　united　workers　　a　graduated　subordination　such　as　that　which　militancy　produces。　In　other　words；　the　way　to　the　developed　industrial　type　as　we　now　know　it；　is　through　the　militant　type；　which；　by　discipline　generates　in　long　ages　the　power　of　continuous　application；　the　willingness　to　act　under　direction　（now　no　longer　coercive　but　agreed　to　under　contract）　and　the　habit　of　achieving　large　results　by　organizations。　　　　　　Consequently；　during　long　stages　of　social　evolution　there　needs；　for　the　management　of　all　matters　but　the　simplest；　a　governmental　power　great　in　degree　and　wide　in　range；　with　a　correlative　faith　in　it　and　obedience　to　it。　Hence　the　fact　that；　as　the　records　of　early　civilizations　show　us；　and　as　we　are　shown　in　the　East　at　present；　large　undertakings　can　be　achieved　only　by　State…action。　And　hence　the　fact　that　only　little　by　little　can　voluntary　co…operation　replace　compulsory　co…operation；　and　rightly　bring　about　a　correlative　decrease　of　faith　in　governmental　ability　and　authority。　　　　　　Chiefly；　however；　the　maintenance　of　this　faith　is　necessitated　by　the　maintenance　of　fitness　for　war。　This　involves　continuance　of　such　confidence　in　the　ruling　agency；　and　such　subordination　to　it；　as　may　enable　it　to　wield　all　the　forces　of　the　society　on　occasions　of　attack　or　defence；　and　there　must　survive　a　political　theory　justifying　the　faith　and　the　obedience。　While　their　sentiments　and　ideas　are　of　kinds　which　perpetually　endanger　peace；　it　is　requisite　that　men　should　have　such　belief　in　the　authority　of　government　as　shall　give　it　adequate　coercive　power　over　them　for　war　purposes　　a　belief　in　its　authority　which　inevitably；　at　the　same　time；　gives　it　coercive　power　over　them　for　other　purposes。　

Thus；　as　said　at　first；　the　fundamental　reason　for　not　expecting　much　acceptance　of　the　doctrine　set　forth；　is　that　we　have　at　present　but　partially　emerged　from　the　militant　regime　and　have　but　partially　entered　on　that　industrial　regime　to　which　this　doctrine　is　proper。　　　　　　So　long　as　the　religion　of　enmity　predominates　over　the　religion　of　amity；　the　current　political　superstition　must　hold　its　ground。　While　throughout　Europe；　the　early　culture　of　the　ruling　classes　is　one　which　every　day　of　the　week　holds　up　for　admiration　those　who　in　ancient　times　achieved　the　greatest　feats　in　battle；　and　only　on　Sunday　repeats　the　injunction　to　put　up　the　sword　　while　these　ruling　classes　are　subject　to　a　moral　discipline　consisting　of　six…sevenths　pagan　example　and　one…seventh　Christian　precept；　there　is　no　likelihood　that　there　will　arise　such　international　relations　as　may　make　a　decline　in　governmental　power　practicable；　and　a　corresponding　modification　of　political　theory　acceptable。　While　among　ourselves　the　administration　of　colonial　affairs　is　such　that　native　tribes　who　retaliate　on　Englishmen　by　whom　they　have　been　injured；　are　punished；　not　on　their　own　savage　principle　of　life　for　life；　but　on　the　improved　civilized　principle　of　wholesale　massacre　in　return　for　single　murder；　there　is　little　chance　that　a　political　doctrine　consistent　only　with　unaggressive　conduct　will　gain　currency。　While　the　creed　men　profess　is　so　interpreted　that　one　of　them　who　at　home　addresses　missionary　meetings；　seeks；　when　abroad；　to　foment　a　quarrel　with　an　adjacent　people　whom　he　wishes　to　subjugate；　and　then　receives　public　honours　after　his　death；　it　is　not　likely　that　the　relations　of　our　society　to　other　societies　will　become　such　that　there　can　spread　to　any　extent　that　doctrine　of　limited　governmental　functions　accompanying　the　diminished　governmental　authority　proper　to　a　peaceful　state。　A　nation　which；　interested　in　ecclesiastical　squabbles　about　the　ceremonies　of　its　humane　cult；　cares　so　little　about　the　essence　of　that　cult　that　fillibustering　in　its　colonies　receives　applause　rather　than　reprobation；　and　is　not　denounced　even　by　the　priests　of　its　religion　of　love；　is　a　nation　which　must　continue　to　suffer　from　internal　aggr