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The¡¡Conquest¡¡of¡¡New¡¡France£»¡¡A¡¡Chronicle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Colonial¡¡Wars



by¡¡George¡¡M¡£¡¡Wrong









CONTENTS



I¡£¡¡THE¡¡CONFLICT¡¡OPENS£º¡¡FRONTENAC¡¡AND¡¡PHIPS

II¡£¡¡QUEBEC¡¡AND¡¡BOSTON

III¡£¡¡FRANCE¡¡LOSES¡¡ACADIA

IV¡£¡¡LOUISBOURG¡¡AND¡¡BOSTON

V¡£¡¡THE¡¡GREAT¡¡WEST

VI¡£¡¡THE¡¡VALLEY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡OHIO

VII¡£¡¡THE¡¡EXPULSION¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡ACADIANS

VIII¡£¡¡THE¡¡VICTORIES¡¡OF¡¡MONTCALM

IX¡£¡¡MONTCALM¡¡AT¡¡QUEBEC

X¡£¡¡THE¡¡STRATEGY¡¡OF¡¡PITT

XI¡£¡¡THE¡¡FALL¡¡OF¡¡CANADA

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL¡¡NOTE







THE¡¡CONQUEST¡¡OF¡¡NEW¡¡FRANCE



CHAPTER¡¡I¡£¡¡The¡¡Conflict¡¡Opens£º¡¡Frontenac¡¡And¡¡Phips



Many¡¡centuries¡¡of¡¡European¡¡history¡¡had¡¡been¡¡marked¡¡by¡¡war¡¡almost

ceaseless¡¡between¡¡France¡¡and¡¡England¡¡when¡¡these¡¡two¡¡states¡¡first

confronted¡¡each¡¡other¡¡in¡¡America¡£¡¡The¡¡conflict¡¡for¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World

was¡¡but¡¡the¡¡continuation¡¡of¡¡an¡¡age¡­long¡¡antagonism¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Old£»

intensified¡¡now¡¡by¡¡the¡¡savagery¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wilderness¡¡and¡¡by¡¡new¡¡

dreams¡¡of¡¡empire¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡another¡¡potent¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡strife¡¡which

had¡¡not¡¡existed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡earlier¡¡days¡£¡¡When£»¡¡during¡¡the¡¡fourteenth

and¡¡fifteenth¡¡centuries£»¡¡the¡¡antagonists¡¡had¡¡fought¡¡through¡¡the

interminable¡¡Hundred¡¡Years'¡¡War£»¡¡they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡

religious¡¡faith¡£¡¡Since¡¡then£»¡¡however£»¡¡England¡¡had¡¡become¡¡

Protestant£»¡¡while¡¡France¡¡had¡¡remained¡¡Catholic¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡rivals

first¡¡met¡¡on¡¡the¡¡shores¡¡of¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World£»¡¡colonial¡¡America¡¡was

still¡¡very¡¡young¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡in¡¡1607¡¡that¡¡the¡¡English¡¡occupied¡¡

Virginia¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡the¡¡French¡¡were¡¡securing¡¡a¡¡foothold¡¡

in¡¡Acadia£»¡¡now¡¡Nova¡¡Scotia¡£¡¡Six¡¡years¡¡had¡¡barely¡¡passed¡¡when¡¡

the¡¡English¡¡Captain¡¡Argall¡¡sailed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡north¡¡from¡¡Virginia¡¡

and¡¡destroyed¡¡the¡¡rising¡¡French¡¡settlements¡£¡¡Sixteen¡¡years¡¡

after¡¡this¡¡another¡¡English¡¡force¡¡attacked¡¡and¡¡captured¡¡Quebec¡£

Presently¡¡these¡¡conquests¡¡were¡¡restored¡£¡¡France¡¡remained¡¡in¡¡

possession¡¡of¡¡the¡¡St¡£¡¡Lawrence¡¡and¡¡in¡¡virtual¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡

Acadia¡£¡¡The¡¡English¡¡colonies£»¡¡holding¡¡a¡¡great¡¡stretch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

Atlantic¡¡seaboard£»¡¡increased¡¡in¡¡number¡¡and¡¡power¡£¡¡New¡¡France¡¡

also¡¡grew¡¡stronger¡£¡¡The¡¡steady¡¡hostility¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rivals¡¡never¡¡

wavered¡£¡¡There¡¡was£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡little¡¡open¡¡warfare¡¡as¡¡long¡¡as¡¡the¡¡

two¡¡Crowns¡¡remained¡¡at¡¡peace¡£¡¡From¡¡1660¡¡to¡¡1688£»¡¡the¡¡Stuart

rulers¡¡of¡¡England¡¡remained¡¡subservient¡¡to¡¡their¡¡cousin¡¡the

Bourbon¡¡King¡¡of¡¡France¡¡and¡¡at¡¡one¡¡with¡¡him¡¡in¡¡religious¡¡faith¡£

But¡¡after¡¡the¡¡fall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Stuarts¡¡France¡¡bitterly¡¡denounced¡¡the

new¡¡King£»¡¡William¡¡of¡¡Orange£»¡¡as¡¡both¡¡a¡¡heretic¡¡and¡¡a¡¡usurper£»¡¡and

attacked¡¡the¡¡English¡¡in¡¡America¡¡with¡¡a¡¡savage¡¡fury¡¡unknown¡¡in

Europe¡£¡¡From¡¡1690¡¡to¡¡1760¡¡the¡¡combatants¡¡fought¡¡with¡¡little¡¡more

than¡¡pauses¡¡for¡¡renewed¡¡preparation£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡conflict¡¡ended¡¡only

when¡¡France¡¡yielded¡¡to¡¡England¡¡the¡¡mastery¡¡of¡¡her¡¡empire¡¡in

America¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡story¡¡of¡¡this¡¡struggle£»¡¡covering¡¡a¡¡period¡¡of

seventy¡¡years£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡told¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡pages¡£



The¡¡career¡¡of¡¡Louis¡¡de¡¡Buade£»¡¡Comte¡¡de¡¡Frontenac£»¡¡who¡¡was

Governor¡¡of¡¡Canada¡¡from¡¡1672¡¡to¡¡1682¡¡and¡¡again¡¡from¡¡1689¡¡to¡¡his

death¡¡in¡¡1698£»¡¡reveals¡¡both¡¡the¡¡merits¡¡and¡¡the¡¡defects¡¡of¡¡the

colonizing¡¡genius¡¡of¡¡France¡£¡¡Frontenac¡¡was¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡noble¡¡birth

whose¡¡life¡¡had¡¡been¡¡spent¡¡in¡¡court¡¡and¡¡camp¡£¡¡The¡¡story¡¡of¡¡his

family£»¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡known£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡story¡¡of¡¡attendance¡¡upon¡¡the

royal¡¡house¡¡of¡¡France¡£¡¡His¡¡father¡¡and¡¡uncles¡¡had¡¡been¡¡playmates

of¡¡the¡¡young¡¡Dauphin£»¡¡afterwards¡¡Louis¡¡XIII¡£¡¡The¡¡thoughts

familiar¡¡to¡¡Frontenac¡¡in¡¡his¡¡youth¡¡remained¡¡with¡¡him¡¡through

life£»¡¡and£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡went¡¡to¡¡rule¡¡at¡¡Quebec£»¡¡the¡¡very¡¡spirit¡¡that

dominated¡¡the¡¡court¡¡at¡¡Versailles¡¡crossed¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡with¡¡him¡£



A¡¡man¡¡is¡¡known¡¡by¡¡the¡¡things¡¡he¡¡loves¡£¡¡The¡¡things¡¡which¡¡Frontenac

most¡¡highly¡¡cherished¡¡were¡¡marks¡¡of¡¡royal¡¡favor£»¡¡the¡¡ceremony¡¡due

to¡¡his¡¡own¡¡rank£»¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡command¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡an¡¡egoist£»

supremely¡¡interested¡¡in¡¡himself¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡poor£»¡¡but¡¡at¡¡his¡¡country

seat¡¡in¡¡France£»¡¡near¡¡Blois£»¡¡he¡¡kept¡¡open¡¡house¡¡in¡¡the¡¡style¡¡of¡¡a

great¡¡noble¡£¡¡Always¡¡he¡¡bore¡¡himself¡¡as¡¡one¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡much¡¡was¡¡due¡£

His¡¡guests¡¡were¡¡expected¡¡to¡¡admire¡¡his¡¡indifferent¡¡horses¡¡as¡¡the

finest¡¡to¡¡be¡¡seen£»¡¡his¡¡gardens¡¡as¡¡the¡¡most¡¡beautiful£»¡¡his¡¡clothes

as¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡effective¡¡cut¡¡and¡¡finish£»¡¡the¡¡plate¡¡on¡¡his¡¡table

as¡¡of¡¡the¡¡best¡¡workmanship£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡food¡¡as¡¡having¡¡superior

flavor¡£¡¡He¡¡scolded¡¡his¡¡equals¡¡as¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡naughty¡¡children¡£



Yet¡¡there¡¡was¡¡genius¡¡in¡¡this¡¡showy¡¡court¡¡figure¡£¡¡In¡¡1669£»¡¡when

the¡¡Venetian¡¡Republic¡¡had¡¡asked¡¡France¡¡to¡¡lend¡¡her¡¡an¡¡efficient

soldier¡¡to¡¡lead¡¡against¡¡the¡¡rampant¡¡Turk£»¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Marshal

Turenne¡¡had¡¡chosen¡¡Frontenac¡¡for¡¡the¡¡task¡£¡¡Crete£»¡¡which¡¡Frontenac

was¡¡to¡¡rescue£»¡¡the¡¡Turk¡¡indeed¡¡had¡¡taken£»¡¡but£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡said£»¡¡at¡¡the

fearful¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡eighty¡¡thousand¡¡men¡£¡¡Three¡¡years

later£»¡¡Frontenac¡¡had¡¡been¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡Canada¡¡to¡¡war¡¡with¡¡the¡¡savage

Iroquois¡¡and¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡in¡¡check¡¡the¡¡aggressive¡¡designs¡¡of¡¡the

English¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡been¡¡recalled¡¡in¡¡1682£»¡¡after¡¡ten¡¡years¡¡of

service£»¡¡chiefly¡¡on¡¡account¡¡of¡¡his¡¡arbitrary¡¡temper¡£¡¡He¡¡had

quarreled¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Bishop¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡bullied¡¡the¡¡Intendant¡¡until¡¡at

one¡¡time¡¡that¡¡harried¡¡official¡¡had¡¡barricaded¡¡his¡¡house¡¡and¡¡armed

his¡¡servants¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡told¡¡the¡¡Jesuit¡¡missionaries¡¡that¡¡they

thought¡¡more¡¡of¡¡selling¡¡beaver¡­skins¡¡than¡¡of¡¡saving¡¡souls¡£¡¡He¡¡had

insulted¡¡those¡¡about¡¡him£»¡¡sulked£»¡¡threatened£»¡¡foamed¡¡at¡¡the¡¡mouth

in¡¡rage£»¡¡revealed¡¡a¡¡childish¡¡vanity¡¡in¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡his¡¡dignity£»¡¡and

a¡¡hunger¡¡insatiable¡¡for¡¡marks¡¡of¡¡honor¡¡from¡¡the¡¡King¡¨more

grateful£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡once¡¡said£»¡¡¡¨than¡¡anything¡¡else¡¡to¡¡a¡¡heart¡¡shaped

after¡¡the¡¡right¡¡pattern¡£¡¨



France£»¡¡however£»¡¡now¡¡required¡¡at¡¡Quebec¡¡a¡¡man¡¡who¡¡could¡¡do¡¡the

needed¡¡man's¡¡tasks¡£¡¡The¡¡real¡¡worth¡¡of¡¡Frontenac¡¡had¡¡been¡¡tested£»

and¡¡so£»¡¡in¡¡1689£»¡¡when¡¡England¡¡had¡¡driven¡¡from¡¡her¡¡shores¡¡her

Catholic¡¡king¡¡and£»¡¡when¡¡France's¡¡colony¡¡across¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡seemed¡¡to

be¡¡in¡¡grave¡¡danger¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Iroquois¡¡allies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡English£»

Frontenac¡¡was¡¡sent¡¡again¡¡to¡¡Quebec¡¡to¡¡subdue¡¡these¡¡savages¡¡and£»

if¡¡he¡¡could£»¡¡to¡¡destroy¡¡in¡¡America¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡age¡¡long

enemy¡¡of¡¡his¡¡country¡£



Perched¡¡high¡¡above¡¡the¡¡St¡£¡¡Lawrence£»¡¡on¡¡a¡¡noble¡¡site¡¡where¡¡now¡¡is

a¡¡public¡¡terrace¡¡and¡¡a¡¡great¡¡hotel£»¡¡stood¡¡the¡¡Chateau¡¡St¡£¡¡Louis£»

the¡¡scene¡¡of¡¡Frontenac's¡¡rule¡¡as¡¡head¡¡of¡¡the¡¡colony¡£¡¡No¡¡other

spot¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡commanded¡¡such¡¡a¡¡highway¡¡linking¡¡the¡¡inland

waters¡¡with¡¡the¡¡sea¡£¡¡The¡¡French¡¡had¡¡always¡¡an¡¡eye¡¡for¡¡points¡¡of

strategic¡¡value£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡holding¡¡Quebec¡¡they¡¡hoped¡¡to¡¡possess¡¡the

pivot¡¡on¡¡which¡¡the¡¡destinies¡¡of¡¡North¡¡America¡¡should¡¡turn¡£¡¡For¡¡a

long¡¡time¡¡it¡¡seemed£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡this¡¡glowing¡¡vision¡¡might

become¡¡a¡¡reality¡£¡¡The¡¡imperial¡¡ideas¡¡which¡¡were¡¡working¡¡at¡¡Quebec

were¡¡based¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡substantial¡¡realities¡¡of¡¡trade¡£¡¡The¡¡instinct

for¡¡business¡¡was¡¡hardly¡¡less¡¡strong¡¡in¡¡these¡¡keen¡¡adventurers

than¡¡the¡¡instinct¡¡for¡¡empire¡£¡¡In¡¡promise¡¡of¡¡trade¡¡the¡¡interior¡¡of

North¡¡America¡¡was¡¡rich¡£¡¡Today¡¡its¡¡vast¡¡agriculture¡¡and¡¡its¡¡wealth

in¡¡minerals¡¡have¡¡brought¡¡rewards¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡dreams¡¡of¡¡two¡¡hundred

years¡¡ago¡£¡¡The¡¡wealth£»¡¡however£»¡¡sought¡¡by¡¡the¡¡leaders¡¡of¡¡that

time¡¡came¡¡from¡¡furs¡£¡¡In¡¡those¡¡wastes¡¡of¡¡river£»¡¡lake£»¡¡and¡¡forest

were¡¡the¡¡richest¡¡preserves¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡for¡¡fur¡­bearing¡¡animals¡£



This¡¡vast¡¡wilderness¡¡was¡¡not¡¡an¡¡unoccupied¡¡land¡£¡¡In¡¡those¡¡wild

regions¡¡dwelt¡¡many¡¡savage¡¡tribes¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡natives¡¡were¡¡by¡¡no

means¡¡without¡¡political¡¡capacity¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡long

clever¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡pit¡¡English¡¡against¡¡French¡¡to¡¡their¡¡own

advantage¡¡as¡¡the¡¡real¡¡sovereigns¡¡in¡¡North¡¡America¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡them£»

whose¡¡fluent¡¡oratory¡¡had¡¡won¡¡for¡¡him¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡Big¡¡Mouth£»¡¡told

the¡¡Governor¡¡of¡¡Canada£»¡¡in¡¡1688£»¡¡that¡¡his¡¡people¡¡held¡¡their¡¡lands

from¡¡the¡¡Great¡¡Spirit£»¡¡that¡¡they¡¡yielded¡¡no¡¡lordship¡¡to¡¡either

the¡¡English¡¡or¡¡the¡¡French£»¡¡that¡¡they¡¡well¡¡understood¡¡the¡¡weakness

of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡and¡¡were¡¡quite¡¡able¡¡to¡¡destroy¡¡them£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡they

wished¡¡to¡¡be¡¡friends¡¡with¡¡both¡¡French¡¡and¡¡English¡¡who¡¡brought¡¡to

them¡¡the¡¡advantages¡¡of¡¡trade¡£¡¡In¡¡sagacity¡¡of¡¡council¡¡and¡¡dignity

of¡¡carriage¡¡some¡¡of¡¡these¡¡Indians¡¡so¡¡bore¡¡themselves¡¡that¡¡to

trained¡¡observers¡¡they¡¡seemed¡¡not¡¡unequal¡¡to¡¡the¡¡diplomats¡¡of

Europe¡£¡¡They¡¡were£»¡¡however£»¡¡weak¡¡before¡¡the¡¡superior¡¡knowledge¡¡of

the¡¡white¡¡men¡£¡¡In¡¡all¡¡their¡¡long¡¡centuries¡¡in¡¡America¡¡they¡¡had

learned¡¡nothing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡iron¡£¡¡Their¡¡sharpest¡¡tool¡¡had¡¡been

made¡¡of¡¡chipped¡¡obsidian¡¡or¡¡of¡¡hammered¡¡copper¡£¡¡Their¡¡most¡¡potent

weapons¡¡had¡¡been¡¡the¡¡stone¡¡hatchet¡¡or¡¡age¡¡and¡¡the¡¡bow¡¡and¡¡arrow¡£

It¡¡thus¡¡happened¡¡that£»¡¡when¡¡steel¡¡and¡¡gunpowder¡¡reached¡¡America£»

the¡¡natives¡¡soon¡¡came¡¡to¡¡despise¡¡their¡¡primitive¡¡implements¡£¡¡More

and¡¡more¡¡they¡¡craved¡¡the¡¡supplies¡¡from¡¡Europe¡¡which¡¡multiplied¡¡in

a¡¡hundred¡¡ways¡¡their¡¡strength¡¡in¡¡the¡¡conflict¡¡with¡¡nature¡¡and

with¡¡man¡£¡¡To¡¡the¡¡Indian¡¡tribes¡¡trade¡¡with¡¡the¡¡French¡¡or¡¡English

soon¡¡became¡¡a¡¡vital¡¡necessity¡£¡¡From¡¡the¡¡far¡¡northwest¡¡for¡¡a

thousand¡¡miles¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bleak¡¡shores¡¡of¡¡Hudson¡¡Bay£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡banks

of¡¡the¡¡Mississippi¡¡to¡¡the¡¡banks¡¡of¡¡the¡¡St¡£¡¡Lawrence¡¡and¡¡the

Hudson£»¡¡they¡¡came¡¡each¡¡year¡¡on¡¡laborious¡¡journeys£»¡¡paddling¡¡their

canoes¡¡and¡¡carrying¡¡them¡¡over¡¡portages£»¡¡to¡¡barter¡¡furs¡¡for¡¡the

things¡¡which¡¡they¡¡must¡¡have¡¡and¡¡which¡¡the¡¡white¡¡man¡¡alone¡¡could

supply¡£



The¡¡Iroquois£»¡¡the¡¡ablest¡¡and¡¡most¡¡resolute¡¡of¡¡the¡¡native¡¡tribes£»

held¡¡the¡¡lands¡¡bordering¡¡on¡¡L

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