democracy in america-1-第117节
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y are not always agreed upon the measures which are most conducive to good government； and they vary upon some of the forms of government which it is expedient to adopt； but they are unanimous upon the general principles which ought to rule human society。 From Maine to the Floridas； and from the Missouri to the Atlantic Ocean； the people is held to be the legitimate source of all power。 The same notions are entertained respecting liberty and equality； the liberty of the press； the right of association； the jury； and the responsibility of the agents of Government。
If we turn from their political and religious opinions to the moral and philosophical principles which regulate the daily actions of life and govern their conduct； we shall still find the same uniformity。 The Anglo…Americans *d acknowledge the absolute moral authority of the reason of the community； as they acknowledge the political authority of the mass of citizens； and they hold that public opinion is the surest arbiter of what is lawful or forbidden； true or false。 The majority of them believe that a man will be led to do what is just and good by following his own interest rightly understood。 They hold that every man is born in possession of the right of self…government； and that no one has the right of constraining his fellow…creatures to be happy。 They have all a lively faith in the perfectibility of man； they are of opinion that the effects of the diffusion of knowledge must necessarily be advantageous； and the consequences of ignorance fatal； they all consider society as a body in a state of improvement； humanity as a changing scene； in which nothing is； or ought to be； permanent； and they admit that what appears to them to be good to…day may be superseded by something better…to…morrow。 I do not give all these opinions as true； but I quote them as characteristic of the Americans。
＇Footnote d： It is scarcely necessary for me to observe that by the expression Anglo…Americans； I only mean to designate the great majority of the nation； for a certain number of isolated individuals are of course to be met with holding very different opinions。＇
The Anglo…Americans are not only united together by these common opinions； but they are separated from all other nations by a common feeling of pride。 For the last fifty years no pains have been spared to convince the inhabitants of the United States that they constitute the only religious； enlightened； and free people。 They perceive that； for the present； their own democratic institutions succeed； whilst those of other countries fail； hence they conceive an overweening opinion of their superiority； and they are not very remote from believing themselves to belong to a distinct race of mankind。
The dangers which threaten the American Union do not originate in the diversity of interests or of opinions； but in the various characters and passions of the Americans。 The men who inhabit the vast territory of the United States are almost all the issue of a common stock； but the effects of the climate； and more especially of slavery； have gradually introduced very striking differences between the British settler of the Southern States and the British settler of the North。 In Europe it is generally believed that slavery has rendered the interests of one part of the Union contrary to those of another part； but I by no means remarked this to be the case： slavery has not created interests in the South contrary to those of the North； but it has modified the character and changed the habits of the natives of the South。
I have already explained the influence which slavery has exercised upon the commercial ability of the Americans in the South； and this same influence equally extends to their manners。 The slave is a servant who never remonstrates； and who submits to everything without complaint。 He may sometimes assassinate； but he never withstands； his master。 In the South there are no families so poor as not to have slaves。 The citizen of the Southern States of the Union is invested with a sort of domestic dictatorship； from his earliest years； the first notion he acquires in life is that he is born to command； and the first habit which he contracts is that of being obeyed without resistance。 His education tends； then； to give him the character of a supercilious and a hasty man； irascible； violent； and ardent in his desires； impatient of obstacles； but easily discouraged if he cannot succeed upon his first attempt。
The American of the Northern States is surrounded by no slaves in his childhood； he is even unattended by free servants； and is usually obliged to provide for his own wants。 No sooner does he enter the world than the idea of necessity assails him on every side： he soon learns to know exactly the natural limit of his authority； he never expects to subdue those who withstand him； by force； and he knows that the surest means of obtaining the support of his fellow…creatures； is to win their favor。 He therefore becomes patient； reflecting； tolerant； slow to act； and persevering in his designs。
In the Southern States the more immediate wants of life are always supplied； the inhabitants of those parts are not busied in the material cares of life； which are always provided for by others； and their imagination is diverted to more captivating and less definite objects。 The American of the South is fond of grandeur； luxury； and renown； of gayety； of pleasure； and above all of idleness； nothing obliges him to exert himself in order to subsist； and as he has no necessary occupations； he gives way to indolence； and does not even attempt what would be useful。
But the equality of fortunes； and the absence of slavery in the North； plunge the inhabitants in those same cares of daily life which are disdained by the white population of the South。 They are taught from infancy to combat want； and to place comfort above all the pleasures of the intellect or the heart。 The imagination is extinguished by the trivial details of life； and the ideas become less numerous and less general； but far more practical and more precise。 As prosperity is the sole aim of exertion； it is excellently well attained； nature and mankind are turned to the best pecuniary advantage； and society is dexterously made to contribute to the welfare of each of its members； whilst individual egotism is the source of general happiness。
The citizen of the North has not only experience； but knowledge： nevertheless he sets but little value upon the pleasures of knowledge； he esteems it as the means of attaining a certain end； and he is only anxious to seize its more lucrative applications。 The citizen of the South is more given to act upon impulse； he is more clever； more frank； more generous； more intellectual； and more brilliant。 The former； with a greater degree of activity； of common…sense； of information； and of general aptitude； has the characteristic good and evil qualities of the middle classes。 The latter has the tastes； the prejudices； the weaknesses； and the magnanimity of all aristocracies。 If two men are united in society； who have the same interests； and to a certain extent the same opinions； but different characters； different acquirements； and a different style of civilization； it is probable that these men will not agree。 The same remark is applicable to a society of nations。 Slavery； then； does not attack the American Union directly in its interests； but indirectly in its manners。
＇Footnote e： Census of 1790； 3；929；328； 1830； 12；856；165； 1860； 31；443；321； 1870； 38；555；983； 1890； 62；831；900。＇
The States which gave their assent to the federal contract in 1790 were thirteen in number； the Union now consists of thirty…four members。 The population； which amounted to nearly 4；000；000 in 1790； had more than tripled in the space of forty years； and in 1830 it amounted to nearly 13；000；000。 *e Changes of such magnitude cannot take place without some danger。
A society of nations； as well as a society of individuals； derives its principal chances of duration from the wisdom of its members； their individual weakness； and their limited number。 The Americans who quit the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean to plunge into the western wilderness； are adventurers impatient of restraint； greedy of wealth； and frequently men expelled from the States in which they were born。 When they arrive in the deserts they are unknown to each other； and they have neither traditions； family feeling； nor the force of example to check their excesses。 The empire of the laws is feeble amongst them； that of morality is still more powerless。 The settlers who are constantly peopling the valley of the Mississippi are； then； in every respect very inferior to the Americans who inhabit the older parts of the Union。 Nevertheless； they already exercise a great influence in its councils； and they arrive at the government of the commonwealth before they have learnt to govern themselves。 *f
＇Footnote f： This indeed is only a temporary danger。 I have no doubt that in time society will assume as much stability and regularity in the West as it has already done upon the coast of the Atlantic Ocean。＇
The greater the individual weakness of each of the contracting parties
