democracy in america-1-第105节
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＇Footnote i： The activity of Ohio is not confined to individuals； but the undertakings of the State are surprisingly great； a canal has been established between Lake Erie and the Ohio； by means of which the valley of the Mississippi communicates with the river of the North； and the European commodities which arrive at New York may be forwarded by water to New Orleans across five hundred leagues of continent。＇
The State of Kentucky was founded in 1775； the State of Ohio only twelve years later； but twelve years are more in America than half a century in Europe； and； at the present day； the population of Ohio exceeds that of Kentucky by two hundred and fifty thousand souls。 *j These opposite consequences of slavery and freedom may readily be understood； and they suffice to explain many of the differences which we remark between the civilization of antiquity and that of our own time。
＇Footnote j： The exact numbers given by the census of 1830 were： Kentucky； 688；…844； Ohio； 937；679。 ＇In 1890 the population of Ohio was 3；672；316； that of Kentucky； 1；858；635。＇＇
Upon the left bank of the Ohio labor is confounded with the idea of slavery； upon the right bank it is identified with that of prosperity and improvement； on the one side it is degraded； on the other it is honored； on the former territory no white laborers can be found； for they would be afraid of assimilating themselves to the negroes； on the latter no one is idle； for the white population extends its activity and its intelligence to every kind of employment。 Thus the men whose task it is to cultivate the rich soil of Kentucky are ignorant and lukewarm； whilst those who are active and enlightened either do nothing or pass over into the State of Ohio； where they may work without dishonor。
It is true that in Kentucky the planters are not obliged to pay wages to the slaves whom they employ； but they derive small profits from their labor； whilst the wages paid to free workmen would be returned with interest in the value of their services。 The free workman is paid； but he does his work quicker than the slave； and rapidity of execution is one of the great elements of economy。 The white sells his services； but they are only purchased at the times at which they may be useful； the black can claim no remuneration for his toil； but the expense of his maintenance is perpetual； he must be supported in his old age as well as in the prime of manhood； in his profitless infancy as well as in the productive years of youth。 Payment must equally be made in order to obtain the services of either class of men： the free workman receives his wages in money； the slave in education； in food； in care； and in clothing。 The money which a master spends in the maintenance of his slaves goes gradually and in detail； so that it is scarcely perceived； the salary of the free workman is paid in a round sum； which appears only to enrich the individual who receives it； but in the end the slave has cost more than the free servant； and his labor is less productive。 *k
＇Footnote k： Independently of these causes； which； wherever free workmen abound； render their labor more productive and more economical than that of slaves； another cause may be pointed out which is peculiar to the United States： the sugar…cane has hitherto been cultivated with success only upon the banks of the Mississippi； near the mouth of that river in the Gulf of Mexico。 In Louisiana the cultivation of the sugar…cane is exceedingly lucrative； and nowhere does a laborer earn so much by his work； and； as there is always a certain relation between the cost of production and the value of the produce； the price of slaves is very high in Louisiana。 But Louisiana is one of the confederated States； and slaves may be carried thither from all parts of the Union； the price given for slaves in New Orleans consequently raises the value of slaves in all the other markets。 The consequence of this is； that in the countries where the land is less productive； the cost of slave labor is still very considerable； which gives an additional advantage to the competition of free labor。＇
The influence of slavery extends still further； it affects the character of the master； and imparts a peculiar tendency to his ideas and his tastes。 Upon both banks of the Ohio； the character of the inhabitants is enterprising and energetic； but this vigor is very differently exercised in the two States。 The white inhabitant of Ohio； who is obliged to subsist by his own exertions； regards temporal prosperity as the principal aim of his existence； and as the country which he occupies presents inexhaustible resources to his industry and ever…varying lures to his activity； his acquisitive ardor surpasses the ordinary limits of human cupidity： he is tormented by the desire of wealth； and he boldly enters upon every path which fortune opens to him； he becomes a sailor； a pioneer； an artisan； or a laborer with the same indifference； and he supports； with equal constancy； the fatigues and the dangers incidental to these various professions； the resources of his intelligence are astonishing； and his avidity in the pursuit of gain amounts to a species of heroism。
But the Kentuckian scorns not only labor； but all the undertakings which labor promotes； as he lives in an idle independence； his tastes are those of an idle man； money loses a portion of its value in his eyes； he covets wealth much less than pleasure and excitement； and the energy which his neighbor devotes to gain； turns with him to a passionate love of field sports and military exercises； he delights in violent bodily exertion； he is familiar with the use of arms； and is accustomed from a very early age to expose his life in single combat。 Thus slavery not only prevents the whites from becoming opulent； but even from desiring to become so。
As the same causes have been continually producing opposite effects for the last two centuries in the British colonies of North America； they have established a very striking difference between the commercial capacity of the inhabitants of the South and those of the North。 At the present day it is only the Northern States which are in possession of shipping； manufactures； railroads； and canals。 This difference is perceptible not only in comparing the North with the South； but in comparing the several Southern States。 Almost all the individuals who carry on commercial operations； or who endeavor to turn slave labor to account in the most Southern districts of the Union； have emigrated from the North。 The natives of the Northern States are constantly spreading over that portion of the American territory where they have less to fear from competition； they discover resources there which escaped the notice of the inhabitants； and； as they comply with a system which they do not approve； they succeed in turning it to better advantage than those who first founded and who still maintain it。
Were I inclined to continue this parallel； I could easily prove that almost all the differences which may be remarked between the characters of the Americans in the Southern and in the Northern States have originated in slavery； but this would divert me from my subject； and my present intention is not to point out all the consequences of servitude； but those effects which it has produced upon the prosperity of the countries which have admitted it。
The influence of slavery upon the production of wealth must have been very imperfectly known in antiquity； as slavery then obtained throughout the civilized world； and the nations which were unacquainted with it were barbarous。 And indeed Christianity only abolished slavery by advocating the claims of the slave； at the present time it may be attacked in the name of the master； and； upon this point； interest is reconciled with morality。
As these truths became apparent in the United States； slavery receded before the progress of experience。 Servitude had begun in the South； and had thence spread towards the North； but it now retires again。 Freedom； which started from the North； now descends uninterruptedly towards the South。 Amongst the great States； Pennsylvania now constitutes the extreme limit of slavery to the North： but even within those limits the slave system is shaken： Maryland； which is immediately below Pennsylvania； is preparing for its abolition； and Virginia； which comes next to Maryland； is already discussing its utility and its dangers。 *l
＇Footnote l： A peculiar reason contributes to detach the two last… mentioned States from the cause of slavery。 The former wealth of this part of the Union was principally derived from the cultivation of tobacco。 This cultivation is specially carried on by slaves； but within the last few years the market…price of tobacco has diminished； whilst the value of the slaves remains the same。 Thus the ratio between the cost of production and the value of the produce is changed。 The natives of Maryland and Virginia are therefore more disposed than they were thirty years ago； to give up slave labor in the cultivation of tobacco； or to give up slavery and tobacco at the same time。＇
No great change takes place in human institutions without involving amongst its causes the law of inheritance。 When
