the american republic-µÚ59½Ú
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
nity£»¡¡the¡¡original¡¡basis¡¡and¡¡type¡¡of¡¡the¡¡syllogism¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡human¡¡¡¡race¡¡can¡¡be¡¡contented¡¡with¡¡neither£»¡¡for¡¡neither¡¡allows¡¡it¡¡free¡¡¡¡scope¡¡for¡¡its¡¡inherent¡¡life¡¡and¡¡activity¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡English¡¡system¡¡¡¡tends¡¡to¡¡pure¡¡individualism£»¡¡402¡¡the¡¡French¡¡to¡¡pure¡¡socialism¡¡or¡¡despotism£»¡¡each¡¡endeavoring¡¡to¡¡¡¡suppress¡¡an¡¡element¡¡of¡¡the¡¡one¡¡living¡¡and¡¡indissoluble¡¡TRUTH¡£
This¡¡is¡¡not¡¡fancy£»¡¡is¡¡not¡¡fine¡spun¡¡speculation£»¡¡or¡¡cold¡¡and¡¡¡¡lifeless¡¡abstraction£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡theological¡¡and¡¡¡¡philosophical¡¡truth£»¡¡without¡¡which¡¡there¡¡were¡¡no¡¡reason£»¡¡no¡¡man£»¡¡¡¡no¡¡society£»¡¡for¡¡God¡¡is¡¡the¡¡first¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡all¡¡being£»¡¡all¡¡¡¡existence£»¡¡all¡¡science£»¡¡all¡¡life£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡in¡¡Him¡¡that¡¡we¡¡live¡¡¡¡and¡¡move¡¡and¡¡have¡¡our¡¡being¡£¡¡¡¡God¡¡is¡¡at¡¡the¡¡beginning£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¡middle£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡all¡¡thingsthe¡¡universal¡¡principle£»¡¡¡¡medium£»¡¡and¡¡end£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡truth¡¡can¡¡be¡¡denied¡¡without¡¡His¡¡existence¡¡¡¡being¡¡directly¡¡or¡¡indirectly¡¡impugned¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡a¡¡deeper¡¡sense¡¡than¡¡is¡¡¡¡commonly¡¡understood¡¡is¡¡it¡¡true¡¡that¡¡nisi¡¡Dominus¡¡aedificaverit¡¡¡¡domum£»¡¡in¡¡vanum¡¡laboraverunt¡¡qui¡¡aedificant¡¡eam¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡English¡¡¡¡constitution¡¡is¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡contradictory¡¡elements£»¡¡incapable¡¡of¡¡¡¡reconciliation£»¡¡and¡¡each¡¡element¡¡is¡¡perpetually¡¡struggling¡¡with¡¡¡¡the¡¡others¡¡for¡¡the¡¡mastery¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡a¡¡long¡¡time¡¡the¡¡king¡¡labored£»¡¡¡¡intrigued£»¡¡and¡¡fought¡¡to¡¡free¡¡himself¡¡from¡¡the¡¡thraldom¡¡in¡¡which¡¡¡¡he¡¡was¡¡held¡¡by¡¡the¡¡feudal¡¡barons£»¡¡in¡¡1688¡¡the¡¡aristocracy¡¡and¡¡¡¡people¡¡united¡¡and¡¡humbled¡¡the¡¡crown£»¡¡and¡¡now¡¡the¡¡people¡¡are¡¡at¡¡¡¡work¡¡seeking¡¡to¡¡sap¡¡both¡¡the¡¡crown¡¡and¡¡the¡¡nobles¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡state¡¡is¡¡¡¡consti¡¡¡403¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tuted¡¡to¡¡nobody's¡¡satisfaction£»¡¡and¡¡though¡¡all¡¡may¡¡unite¡¡in¡¡¡¡boasting¡¡its¡¡excellences£»¡¡all¡¡are¡¡at¡¡work¡¡trying¡¡to¡¡alter¡¡or¡¡¡¡amend¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡work¡¡of¡¡constituting¡¡the¡¡state¡¡with¡¡the¡¡English¡¡is¡¡¡¡ever¡¡beginning£»¡¡never¡¡ending¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡the¡¡eternal¡¡clamor¡¡for¡¡¡¡parliamentary¡¡reform¡£
Great¡¡Britain¡¡and¡¡other¡¡European¡¡states¡¡may¡¡sweep¡¡away¡¡all¡¡that¡¡¡¡remains¡¡of¡¡feudalism£»¡¡include¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡territorial¡¡people¡¡with¡¡¡¡the¡¡equal¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡all¡¡in¡¡the¡¡state¡¡or¡¡political¡¡people£»¡¡concede¡¡¡¡to¡¡birth¡¡and¡¡wealth¡¡no¡¡political¡¡rights£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡will¡¡by¡¡so¡¡¡¡doing¡¡only¡¡establish¡¡either¡¡imperial¡¡centralism£»¡¡as¡¡has¡¡been¡¡done¡¡¡¡in¡¡France£»¡¡or¡¡democratic¡¡centralism£»¡¡clamored¡¡for£»¡¡conspired¡¡for£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡fought¡¡for¡¡by¡¡the¡¡revolutionists¡¡of¡¡Europe¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡special¡¡¡¡merit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡system¡¡is¡¡not¡¡in¡¡its¡¡democracy¡¡alone£»¡¡as¡¡¡¡too¡¡many¡¡at¡¡home¡¡and¡¡abroad¡¡imagine£»¡¡but¡¡along¡¡with¡¡its¡¡democracy¡¡¡¡in¡¡the¡¡division¡¡of¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡between¡¡a¡¡General¡¡¡¡government¡¡and¡¡particular¡¡State¡¡governments£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡not¡¡¡¡antagonistic¡¡governments£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡act¡¡on¡¡different¡¡matters£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡neither¡¡is¡¡nor¡¡can¡¡be¡¡subordinated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡other¡£
Now£»¡¡this¡¡division¡¡of¡¡power£»¡¡which¡¡decentralizes¡¡the¡¡government¡¡¡¡without¡¡creating¡¡mutually¡¡hostile¡¡forces£»¡¡can¡¡hardly¡¡be¡¡¡¡introduced¡¡into¡¡any¡¡European¡¡state¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡may¡¡be¡¡a¡¡404¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡union¡¡of¡¡¡¡states¡¡in¡¡Great¡¡Britain£»¡¡in¡¡Germany£»¡¡in¡¡Italy£»¡¡perhaps¡¡in¡¡Spain£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡Austria¡¡is¡¡laboring¡¡hard¡¡to¡¡effect¡¡it¡¡in¡¡her¡¡heterogeneous¡¡¡¡empire£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡union¡¡possible¡¡in¡¡any¡¡of¡¡them¡¡is¡¡that¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Bund¡¡¡¡or¡¡confederation£»¡¡like¡¡the¡¡Swiss¡¡or¡¡German¡¡Bund£»¡¡similar¡¡to¡¡what¡¡¡¡the¡¡secessionists¡¡in¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡so¡¡recently¡¡attempted¡¡and¡¡¡¡have¡¡so¡¡signally¡¡failed¡¡to¡¡establish¡£¡¡¡¡An¡¡intelligent¡¡Confederate¡¡¡¡officer¡¡remarked¡¡that¡¡their¡¡Confederacy¡¡had¡¡not¡¡been¡¡in¡¡operation¡¡¡¡three¡¡months¡¡before¡¡it¡¡became¡¡evident¡¡that¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡on¡¡¡¡which¡¡it¡¡was¡¡founded£»¡¡if¡¡not¡¡rejected£»¡¡would¡¡insure¡¡its¡¡defeat¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡that¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡State¡¡sovereignty£»¡¡for¡¡which¡¡the¡¡States¡¡¡¡seceded£»¡¡more¡¡than¡¡the¡¡superior¡¡resources¡¡and¡¡numbers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡Government£»¡¡that¡¡caused¡¡the¡¡collapse¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Confederacy¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡numbers¡¡were¡¡relatively¡¡about¡¡equal£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡military¡¡resources¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Confederacy¡¡were¡¡relatively¡¡not¡¡much¡¡inferior¡¡to¡¡those¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡Government¡£¡¡¡¡So¡¡at¡¡least¡¡the¡¡Confederate¡¡leaders¡¡thought£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡they¡¡knew¡¡the¡¡material¡¡resources¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡¡¡their¡¡own£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡calculated¡¡them¡¡with¡¡as¡¡much¡¡care¡¡and¡¡accuracy¡¡¡¡as¡¡any¡¡men¡¡could¡£¡¡¡¡Foreign¡¡powers¡¡also£»¡¡friendly¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡¡¡unfriendly£»¡¡felt¡¡certain¡¡that¡¡the¡¡secessionists¡¡would¡¡gain¡¡their¡¡¡¡independence£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡did¡¡a¡¡large¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡even¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡loyal¡¡States¡£¡¡405¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡failure¡¡is¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡disintegrating¡¡principle¡¡¡¡of¡¡State¡¡sovereignty£»¡¡the¡¡very¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Confederacy¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡war¡¡has¡¡proved¡¡that¡¡united¡¡states¡¡are£»¡¡other¡¡things¡¡being¡¡equal£»¡¡¡¡an¡¡overmatch¡¡for¡¡confederated¡¡states¡£
The¡¡European¡¡states¡¡must¡¡unite¡¡either¡¡as¡¡equals¡¡or¡¡as¡¡unequals¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡equals£»¡¡the¡¡union¡¡can¡¡be¡¡only¡¡a¡¡confederacy£»¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡¡¡Zollverein£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡each¡¡state¡¡retains¡¡its¡¡individual¡¡¡¡sovereignty£»¡¡if¡¡as¡¡unequals£»¡¡then¡¡someone¡¡among¡¡them¡¡will¡¡aspire¡¡¡¡to¡¡the¡¡hegemony£»¡¡and¡¡you¡¡have¡¡over¡¡again¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡¡¡Confederation£»¡¡formed¡¡at¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡its¡¡fate¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡union¡¡like¡¡the¡¡American¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡created¡¡by¡¡a¡¡¡¡compact£»¡¡or¡¡by¡¡the¡¡exercise¡¡of¡¡supreme¡¡power¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Emperor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡French¡¡cannot¡¡erect¡¡the¡¡several¡¡Departments¡¡of¡¡France¡¡into¡¡¡¡states£»¡¡and¡¡divide¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡government¡¡between¡¡them¡¡as¡¡¡¡individual¡¡and¡¡as¡¡united¡¡states¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡would¡¡necessarily¡¡hold¡¡¡¡from¡¡the¡¡imperial¡¡government£»¡¡which£»¡¡though¡¡it¡¡might¡¡exercise¡¡a¡¡¡¡large¡¡part¡¡of¡¡its¡¡functions¡¡through¡¡them£»¡¡would¡¡remain£»¡¡as¡¡now£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡supreme¡¡central¡¡government£»¡¡from¡¡which¡¡all¡¡governmental¡¡¡¡powers¡¡emanate£»¡¡as¡¡our¡¡President¡¡is¡¡apparently¡¡attempting£»¡¡in¡¡his¡¡¡¡reconstruction¡¡policy£»¡¡to¡¡make¡¡the¡¡government¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡¡¡States¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡elements¡¡of¡¡a¡¡state¡¡constituted¡¡like¡¡the¡¡American¡¡406¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡not¡¡exist¡¡in¡¡any¡¡European¡¡nation£»¡¡nor¡¡in¡¡the¡¡constitution¡¡of¡¡¡¡European¡¡society£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡American¡¡constitution¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡¡¡impracticable¡¡even¡¡here¡¡had¡¡not¡¡Providence¡¡so¡¡ordered¡¡it¡¡that¡¡the¡¡¡¡nation¡¡was¡¡born¡¡with¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡never¡¡known¡¡any¡¡other¡£
Rome¡¡recognized¡¡the¡¡necessity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡federal¡¡principle£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡applied¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡best¡¡way¡¡she¡¡could¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡first¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡single¡¡¡¡tribe¡¡or¡¡people¡¡distributed¡¡into¡¡distinct¡¡gentes¡¡or¡¡houses£»¡¡after¡¡¡¡the¡¡Sabine¡¡war£»¡¡a¡¡second¡¡tribe¡¡was¡¡added¡¡on¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡equality£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡the¡¡state¡¡was¡¡dual£»¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡two¡¡tribes£»¡¡the¡¡Ramnes¡¡and¡¡¡¡the¡¡Tities¡¡or¡¡Quirites£»¡¡and£»¡¡afterward£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡Tullus¡¡¡¡Hostilius£»¡¡were¡¡added¡¡the¡¡Lucertes¡¡or¡¡Luceres£»¡¡making¡¡the¡¡¡¡division¡¡into¡¡three¡¡ruling¡¡tribes£»¡¡each¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡one¡¡hundred¡¡¡¡houses¡¡or¡¡gentes¡£¡¡¡¡Each¡¡house¡¡in¡¡each¡¡tribe¡¡was¡¡represented¡¡by¡¡¡¡its¡¡chief¡¡or¡¡decurion¡¡in¡¡the¡¡senate£»¡¡making¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡¡¡senators¡¡exactly¡¡three¡¡hundred£»¡¡at¡¡which¡¡number¡¡the¡¡senate¡¡was¡¡¡¡fixed¡£¡¡¡¡Subsequently¡¡was¡¡added£»¡¡by¡¡Ancus£»¡¡the¡¡plebs£»¡¡who¡¡remained¡¡¡¡without¡¡authority¡¡or¡¡share¡¡in¡¡the¡¡government¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Rome¡¡¡¡itself£»¡¡though¡¡they¡¡might¡¡aspire¡¡to¡¡the¡¡first¡¡rank¡¡in¡¡the¡¡allied¡¡¡¡cities¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡division¡¡into¡¡tribes£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡division¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tribes¡¡¡¡into¡¡gentes¡¡or¡¡houses£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡vote¡¡in¡¡the¡¡state¡¡by¡¡tribes£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡in¡¡the¡¡tribes¡¡by¡¡houses£»¡¡ef¡¡¡407¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fectually¡¡excluded¡¡democratic¡¡¡¡centralism£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡division¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡division¡¡of¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡¡¡government¡¡between¡¡two¡¡co¡ordinate¡¡governments£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡senate¡¡¡¡had¡¡supreme¡¡control£»¡¡like¡¡the¡¡British¡¡parliament£»¡¡over¡¡all¡¡¡¡matters£»¡¡general¡¡and¡¡particular¡£
The¡¡establishment£»¡¡after¡¡the¡¡secession¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plebs£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡tribunitial¡¡veto£»¡¡which¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡plebeians¡¡a¡¡negative¡¡power¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡state£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡an¡¡incipient¡¡division¡¡of¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡¡¡government£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡a¡¡division¡¡between¡¡the¡¡positive¡¡and¡¡negative¡¡¡¡powers£»¡¡not¡¡between¡¡the¡¡general¡¡and¡¡the¡¡particular¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡power¡¡¡¡accorded¡¡to¡¡the¡¡plebs£»¡¡or¡¡commons£»¡¡as¡¡Niebuhr¡¡calls¡¡themwho¡¡is£»¡¡¡¡perhaps£»¡¡too¡¡fond¡¡of¡¡explaining¡¡the¡¡early¡¡constitution¡¡of¡¡Rome¡¡by¡¡¡¡analogies¡¡borrowed¡¡from¡¡feudalism£»¡¡and¡¡especially¡¡from¡¡the¡¡¡¡constitution¡¡of¡¡his¡¡native¡¡Ditmarschwas¡¡simply¡¡an¡¡obstructive¡¡¡¡power£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡it£»¡¡by¡¡development£»¡¡became¡¡a¡¡positive¡¡power£»¡¡it¡¡¡¡absorbed¡¡all¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡created¡¡the¡¡Empire¡£
There¡¡was£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡a¡¡nearer¡¡approach¡¡to¡¡the¡¡division¡¡of¡¡powers¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡American¡¡system£»¡¡between¡¡imperial¡¡Rome¡¡and¡¡her¡¡allied¡¡or¡¡¡¡confederated¡¡municipalities¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡municipalities£»¡¡modelled¡¡¡¡chiefly¡¡after¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Rome£»¡¡were¡¡elective£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡the¡¡management¡¡¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡local¡¡affairs£»¡¡but¡¡their¡¡local¡¡powers¡¡were¡¡not¡¡¡¡co¡ordi¡¡¡408¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡inate¡¡in¡¡their¡¡own¡¡sphere¡¡with¡¡those¡¡exercised¡¡by¡¡the¡¡¡¡Roman¡¡municipality£»¡¡but¡¡subordinate¡¡and¡¡dependent¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡senate¡¡¡¡had¡¡the¡¡supreme¡¡power¡¡over¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡held¡¡their¡¡rights¡¡¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡its¡¡will¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡were¡¡formally£»¡¡or¡¡virtually£»¡¡¡¡subjugated¡¡states£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡senate£»¡¡and¡¡afterward¡¡the¡¡¡¡Roman¡¡emperors£»¡¡left¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state¡¡and¡¡the¡¡mere¡¡shadow¡¡of¡¡¡¡freedom¡£¡¡¡¡Rome¡¡owed¡¡much¡¡to¡¡her¡¡affecting¡¡to¡¡treat¡¡them¡¡as¡¡allies¡¡¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡as¡¡subjects£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡first¡¡these¡¡municipal¡¡¡¡organizations¡¡secured¡¡the¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡civilization¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¡provinces£»¡¡but¡¡at¡¡a¡¡later¡¡period£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡emperors£»¡¡they¡¡served¡¡¡¡only¡¡the¡¡imperial¡¡treasury£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡crushed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡taxes¡¡imposed¡¡¡¡and¡¡the¡¡contributions¡¡levied¡¡on¡¡them¡¡by¡¡the¡¡fiscal¡¡agents¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡empire¡£¡¡¡¡So¡¡heavy¡¡were¡¡the¡¡fiscal¡¡burdens¡¡imposed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡¡¡burgesses£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡term¡¡may¡¡be¡¡used£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡needed¡¡an¡¡imperial¡¡¡¡edict¡¡to¡¡compel¡¡them¡¡to¡¡enter¡¡the¡¡municipal¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡¡¡became£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡later¡¡emperors£»¡¡no¡¡uncommon¡¡thing¡¡for¡¡free¡¡¡¡citizens¡¡to¡¡sell¡¡themselves¡¡into¡¡slavery£»¡¡to¡¡escape¡¡the¡¡fiscal¡¡¡¡burdens¡¡imposed¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡are¡¡actually¡¡imperial¡¡edicts¡¡extant¡¡