Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the american republic >

µÚ51½Ú

the american republic-µÚ51½Ú

С˵£º the american republic ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



they¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡give¡¡the¡¡minority¡¡the¡¡¡¡power¡¡to¡¡rule¡¡the¡¡majority£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡dangerous¡¡inasmuch¡¡as¡¡they¡¡¡¡place¡¡the¡¡State¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡a¡¡party¡¡that¡¡can¡¡stand¡¡only¡¡as¡¡¡¡supported¡¡by¡¡the¡¡General¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡destroy¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡¡¡freedom¡¡and¡¡independence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡and¡¡open¡¡the¡¡door¡¡to¡¡¡¡corruption£»¡¡tend¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡alive¡¡rancor¡¡and¡¡ill¡¡feeling£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡¡¡retard¡¡the¡¡period¡¡of¡¡complete¡¡pacification£»¡¡which¡¡might¡¡be¡¡¡¡effected¡¡in¡¡three¡¡months¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡in¡¡three¡¡years£»¡¡or¡¡twenty¡¡¡¡years£»¡¡yet¡¡they¡¡can¡¡become¡¡legal£»¡¡as¡¡other¡¡governments¡¡illegal¡¡in¡¡¡¡their¡¡origin¡¡become¡¡legal£»¡¡with¡¡time¡¡and¡¡popular¡¡acquiescence¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡right¡¡way¡¡is¡¡always¡¡the¡¡shortest¡¡and¡¡easiest£»¡¡but¡¡when¡¡a¡¡¡¡government¡¡must¡¡oftener¡¡follow¡¡than¡¡lead¡¡the¡¡public£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡¡¡always¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡hit¡¡the¡¡right¡¡way£»¡¡and¡¡still¡¡less¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡take¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡general¡¡instincts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡are¡¡right¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡end¡¡¡¡345¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡be¡¡¡¡gained£»¡¡but¡¡seldom¡¡right¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of¡¡gaining¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡politicians¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡party£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡of¡¡the¡¡late¡¡secession¡¡¡¡party£»¡¡have¡¡an¡¡eye¡¡in¡¡reconstructing£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡future¡¡political¡¡¡¡control¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡when¡¡it¡¡is¡¡reconstructed¡£

The¡¡secessionists£»¡¡if¡¡permitted¡¡to¡¡retain¡¡their¡¡franchise£»¡¡would£»¡¡¡¡even¡¡if¡¡they¡¡accepted¡¡abolition£»¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡re¡­organize¡¡their¡¡¡¡respective¡¡States¡¡on¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡white¡¡suffrage£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡would¡¡¡¡the¡¡Unionists£»¡¡if¡¡left¡¡to¡¡themselves¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡party¡¡at¡¡the¡¡¡¡South¡¡prepared¡¡to¡¡adopt¡¡negro¡¡suffrage£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡would¡¡be¡¡none¡¡¡¡at¡¡the¡¡North¡¡if¡¡the¡¡negroes¡¡constituted¡¡any¡¡considerable¡¡portion¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡population¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡the¡¡reconstruction¡¡of¡¡a¡¡State¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡¡¡done¡¡under¡¡the¡¡war¡¡power£»¡¡the¡¡General¡¡government¡¡can¡¡no¡¡more¡¡¡¡enfranchise¡¡than¡¡it¡¡can¡¡disfranchise¡¡any¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡territorial¡¡people£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡negro¡¡suffrage¡¡must¡¡be¡¡¡¡left£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡constitution¡¡leaves¡¡itto¡¡the¡¡States¡¡severally£»¡¡¡¡each¡¡to¡¡dispose¡¡of¡¡it¡¡for¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡Negro¡¡suffrage¡¡will£»¡¡no¡¡doubt£»¡¡¡¡come¡¡in¡¡time£»¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡freedmen¡¡are¡¡prepared¡¡for¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡the¡¡danger¡¡is¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡attempted¡¡too¡¡soon¡£

It¡¡would¡¡be¡¡a¡¡convenience¡¡to¡¡have¡¡the¡¡negro¡¡vote¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¡reconstruction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡States¡¡disorganized¡¡by¡¡secession£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡¡¡would¡¡secure¡¡their¡¡re¡­construction¡¡with¡¡antislavery¡¡¡¡constitutions£»¡¡and¡¡also¡¡346¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡sure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡proposed¡¡antislavery¡¡¡¡amendment¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡is¡¡¡¡no¡¡power¡¡in¡¡Congress¡¡to¡¡enfranchise¡¡the¡¡negroes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡States¡¡¡¡needing¡¡reconstruction£»¡¡and£»¡¡once¡¡assured¡¡of¡¡their¡¡freedom£»¡¡the¡¡¡¡freedmen¡¡would¡¡care¡¡little¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡they¡¡¡¡understand¡¡nothing¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡would¡¡vote£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part£»¡¡with¡¡¡¡their¡¡former¡¡masters£»¡¡their¡¡employers£»¡¡the¡¡wealthier¡¡and¡¡more¡¡¡¡intelligent¡¡classes£»¡¡whether¡¡loyal¡¡or¡¡disloyal£»¡¡for£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡rule£»¡¡¡¡these¡¡will¡¡treat¡¡them¡¡with¡¡greater¡¡personal¡¡consideration¡¡and¡¡¡¡kindness¡¡than¡¡others¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡dislike¡¡of¡¡the¡¡negro£»¡¡and¡¡hostility¡¡to¡¡¡¡negro¡¡equality£»¡¡increase¡¡as¡¡you¡¡descend¡¡in¡¡the¡¡social¡¡scale¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡freedmen£»¡¡without¡¡political¡¡instruction¡¡or¡¡experience£»¡¡who¡¡have¡¡¡¡had¡¡no¡¡country£»¡¡no¡¡domicile£»¡¡understand¡¡nothing¡¡of¡¡loyalty¡¡or¡¡of¡¡¡¡disloyalty¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡have¡¡strong¡¡local¡¡attachments£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡can¡¡¡¡have¡¡no¡¡patriotism¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡they¡¡adhered¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¡rebellion£»¡¡fought¡¡for¡¡it£»¡¡bled¡¡for¡¡it£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡from¡¡loyalty£»¡¡¡¡but¡¡because¡¡they¡¡knew¡¡that¡¡their¡¡freedom¡¡could¡¡come¡¡only¡¡from¡¡the¡¡¡¡success¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡arms¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡freedom¡¡secured£»¡¡they¡¡have¡¡no¡¡¡¡longer¡¡any¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡and¡¡their¡¡local¡¡attachments£»¡¡¡¡personal¡¡associations£»¡¡habits£»¡¡tastes£»¡¡likes¡¡and¡¡dislikes£»¡¡are¡¡¡¡Southern£»¡¡not¡¡Northern¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡any¡¡contest¡¡between¡¡the¡¡347¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡North¡¡and¡¡the¡¡¡¡South£»¡¡they¡¡would¡¡take£»¡¡to¡¡a¡¡man£»¡¡the¡¡Southern¡¡side¡£¡¡¡¡After¡¡the¡¡¡¡taunts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡women£»¡¡the¡¡captured¡¡soldiers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡found£»¡¡¡¡until¡¡nearly¡¡the¡¡last¡¡year¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war£»¡¡nothing¡¡harder¡¡to¡¡bear£»¡¡¡¡when¡¡marched¡¡as¡¡prisoners¡¡into¡¡Richmond£»¡¡than¡¡the¡¡antics¡¡and¡¡¡¡hootings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡negroes¡£¡¡¡¡Negro¡¡suffrage¡¡on¡¡the¡¡score¡¡of¡¡loyalty£»¡¡¡¡is¡¡at¡¡best¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡indifference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡the¡¡¡¡elective¡¡franchise¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡right£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡civil¡¡trust£»¡¡the¡¡¡¡friends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡negro¡¡should£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡present£»¡¡be¡¡contented¡¡with¡¡¡¡securing¡¡him¡¡simply¡¡equal¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡person¡¡and¡¡property¡£




348¡¡CHAPTER¡¡XIV¡£

POLITICAL¡¡TENDENCIES¡£


The¡¡most¡¡marked¡¡political¡¡tendency¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡people¡¡has¡¡¡¡been£»¡¡since¡¡1825£»¡¡to¡¡interpret¡¡their¡¡government¡¡as¡¡a¡¡pure¡¡and¡¡¡¡simple¡¡democracy£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡shift¡¡it¡¡from¡¡a¡¡territorial¡¡to¡¡a¡¡purely¡¡¡¡popular¡¡basis£»¡¡or¡¡from¡¡the¡¡people¡¡as¡¡the¡¡state£»¡¡inseparably¡¡¡¡united¡¡to¡¡the¡¡national¡¡territory¡¡or¡¡domain£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡people¡¡as¡¡¡¡simply¡¡population£»¡¡either¡¡as¡¡individuals¡¡or¡¡as¡¡the¡¡race¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡¡¡tendency¡¡has¡¡unconsciously£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡been¡¡to¡¡change¡¡their¡¡¡¡constitution¡¡from¡¡a¡¡republican¡¡to¡¡a¡¡despotic£»¡¡or¡¡from¡¡a¡¡civilized¡¡¡¡to¡¡a¡¡barbaric¡¡constitution¡£

The¡¡American¡¡constitution¡¡is¡¡democratic£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡that¡¡the¡¡¡¡people¡¡are¡¡sovereign¡¡that¡¡all¡¡laws¡¡and¡¡public¡¡acts¡¡run¡¡in¡¡their¡¡¡¡name£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡rulers¡¡are¡¡elected¡¡by¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡responsible¡¡to¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡the¡¡people¡¡territorially¡¡constituted¡¡and¡¡fixed¡¡¡¡to¡¡the¡¡soil£»¡¡constituting¡¡what¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Disraeli£»¡¡with¡¡more¡¡propriety¡¡¡¡perhaps¡¡than¡¡he¡¡thinks£»¡¡calls¡¡a¡¡¡¨territorial¡¡democracy¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡To¡¡this¡¡¡¡territorial¡¡democracy£»¡¡the¡¡real¡¡American¡¡democracy£»¡¡stand¡¡opposed¡¡¡¡two¡¡349¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡democraciesthe¡¡one¡¡personal¡¡and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡¡¡humanitarianeach¡¡alike¡¡hostile¡¡to¡¡civilization£»¡¡and¡¡tending¡¡to¡¡¡¡destroy¡¡the¡¡state£»¡¡and¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡sustaining¡¡government¡¡only¡¡on¡¡¡¡principles¡¡common¡¡to¡¡all¡¡despotisms¡£

In¡¡every¡¡man¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡craving¡¡for¡¡personal¡¡freedom¡¡and¡¡¡¡unrestrained¡¡actiona¡¡strong¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡be¡¡himself£»¡¡not¡¡¡¡anotherto¡¡be¡¡his¡¡own¡¡master£»¡¡to¡¡go¡¡when¡¡and¡¡where¡¡he¡¡pleases£»¡¡¡¡to¡¡do¡¡what¡¡he¡¡chooses£»¡¡to¡¡take¡¡what¡¡he¡¡wants£»¡¡wherever¡¡he¡¡can¡¡¡¡find¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡what¡¡he¡¡takes¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡strong¡¡in¡¡all¡¡nomadic¡¡¡¡tribes£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡at¡¡once¡¡pastoral¡¡and¡¡predatory£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡seldom¡¡¡¡weak¡¡in¡¡our¡¡bold¡¡frontier¡­men£»¡¡too¡¡often¡¡real¡¡¡¨border¡¡ruffians¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡takes¡¡different¡¡forms¡¡in¡¡different¡¡stages¡¡of¡¡social¡¡¡¡development£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡everywhere¡¡identifies¡¡liberty¡¡with¡¡power¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Restricted¡¡in¡¡its¡¡enjoyment¡¡to¡¡one¡¡man£»¡¡it¡¡makes¡¡him¡¡chief£»¡¡chief¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡family£»¡¡the¡¡tribe£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡nation£»¡¡extended¡¡in¡¡its¡¡¡¡enjoyment¡¡to¡¡the¡¡few£»¡¡it¡¡founds¡¡an¡¡aristocracy£»¡¡creates¡¡a¡¡¡¡nobilityfor¡¡nobleman¡¡meant¡¡originally¡¡only¡¡freeman£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡does¡¡¡¡350¡¡his¡¡own¡¡consent£»¡¡express¡¡or¡¡constructive¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡so¡­called¡¡¡¡Jeffersonian¡¡democracy£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡government¡¡has¡¡no¡¡powers¡¡but¡¡¡¡such¡¡as¡¡it¡¡derives¡¡from¡¡the¡¡consent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡governed£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡¡¡personal¡¡democracy¡¡or¡¡pure¡¡individualism¡¡philosophically¡¡¡¡considered£»¡¡pure¡¡egoism£»¡¡which¡¡says£»¡¡¡¨I¡¡am¡¡God¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Under¡¡this¡¡sort¡¡¡¡of¡¡democracy£»¡¡based¡¡on¡¡popular£»¡¡or¡¡rather¡¡individual¡¡sovereignty£»¡¡¡¡expressed¡¡by¡¡politicians¡¡when¡¡they¡¡call¡¡the¡¡electoral¡¡people£»¡¡¡¡half¡¡seriously£»¡¡half¡¡mockingly£»¡¡¡¨the¡¡sovereigns£»¡¨¡¡there¡¡obviously¡¡¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡state£»¡¡no¡¡social¡¡rights¡¡or¡¡civil¡¡authority£»¡¡there¡¡can¡¡¡¡be¡¡only¡¡a¡¡voluntary¡¡association£»¡¡league£»¡¡alliance£»¡¡or¡¡¡¡confederation£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡individuals¡¡may¡¡freely¡¡act¡¡together¡¡as¡¡¡¡long¡¡as¡¡they¡¡find¡¡it¡¡pleasant£»¡¡convenient£»¡¡or¡¡useful£»¡¡but¡¡from¡¡¡¡which¡¡they¡¡may¡¡separate¡¡or¡¡secede¡¡whenever¡¡they¡¡find¡¡it¡¡for¡¡their¡¡¡¡interest¡¡or¡¡their¡¡pleasure¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡£¡¡¡¡State¡¡sovereignty¡¡and¡¡¡¡secession¡¡are¡¡based¡¡on¡¡the¡¡same¡¡democratic¡¡principle¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡several¡¡States¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡individuals¡£

The¡¡tendency¡¡to¡¡this¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡democracy¡¡has¡¡been¡¡strong¡¡in¡¡large¡¡¡¡sections¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡people¡¡from¡¡the¡¡first£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡been¡¡¡¡greatly¡¡strengthened¡¡by¡¡the¡¡general¡¡acceptance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡theory¡¡that¡¡¡¡government¡¡originates¡¡in¡¡compact¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡full¡¡realization¡¡of¡¡this¡¡¡¡tendency£»¡¡which£»¡¡hap¡­¡¡351¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡pily£»¡¡is¡¡impracticable¡¡save¡¡in¡¡theory£»¡¡would¡¡¡¡be¡¡to¡¡render¡¡every¡¡man¡¡independent¡¡alike¡¡of¡¡every¡¡other¡¡man¡¡and¡¡¡¡of¡¡society£»¡¡with¡¡full¡¡right¡¡and¡¡power¡¡to¡¡make¡¡his¡¡own¡¡will¡¡¡¡prevail¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡tendency¡¡was¡¡strongest¡¡in¡¡the¡¡slaveholding¡¡States£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡especially£»¡¡in¡¡those¡¡States£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡slaveholding¡¡class£»¡¡the¡¡¡¡American¡¡imitation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡feudal¡¡nobility¡¡of¡¡mediaeval¡¡Europe£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡on¡¡this¡¡side¡¡the¡¡war¡¡just¡¡ended¡¡was£»¡¡in¡¡its¡¡most¡¡general¡¡¡¡expression£»¡¡a¡¡war¡¡in¡¡defence¡¡of¡¡personal¡¡democracy¡¡or¡¡the¡¡¡¡sovereignty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡individually£»¡¡against¡¡the¡¡humanitarian¡¡¡¡democracy£»¡¡represented¡¡by¡¡the¡¡abolitionists£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡territorial¡¡¡¡democracy£»¡¡represented¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Government¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡personal¡¡¡¡democracy¡¡has¡¡been¡¡signally¡¡defeated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡defeat¡¡of¡¡the¡¡late¡¡¡¡confederacy£»¡¡and¡¡can¡¡hardly¡¡again¡¡become¡¡strong¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡be¡¡¡¡dangerous¡£

But¡¡the¡¡humanitarian¡¡democracy£»¡¡which¡¡scorns¡¡all¡¡geographical¡¡¡¡lines£»¡¡effaces¡¡all¡¡in¡¡individualities£»¡¡and¡¡professes¡¡to¡¡plant¡¡¡¡itself¡¡on¡¡humanity¡¡alone£»¡¡has¡¡acquired¡¡by¡¡the¡¡war¡¡new¡¡strength£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡is¡¡not¡¡without¡¡menace¡¡to¡¡our¡¡future¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡solidarity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡race£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡the¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡all¡¡human¡¡life£»¡¡founds£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡¡¡have¡¡seen£»¡¡society£»¡¡and¡¡creates¡¡what¡¡are¡¡called¡¡social¡¡rights£»¡¡¡¡the£»¡¡rights¡¡alike¡¡of¡¡society¡¡in¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡individuals£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡¡¡individuals¡¡in¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡society¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡352¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Territorial¡¡divisions¡¡or¡¡¡¡circumscriptions¡¡found¡¡particular¡¡societies£»¡¡states£»¡¡or¡¡nations£»¡¡¡¡yet¡¡as¡¡the¡¡race¡¡is¡¡one¡¡and¡¡all¡¡its¡¡members¡¡live¡¡by¡¡communion¡¡with¡¡¡¡God¡¡through¡¡it¡¡and¡¡by¡¡communion¡¡one¡¡with¡¡another£»¡¡these¡¡¡¡particular¡¡states¡¡or¡¡nations¡¡are¡¡never¡¡absolutely¡¡independent¡¡of¡¡¡¡each¡¡other¡¡but£»¡¡bound¡¡together¡¡by¡¡the

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ