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To¡¡argue¡¡that¡¡the¡¡territory¡¡and¡¡population¡¡303¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡once¡¡a¡¡State¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¡Union¡¡must¡¡needs¡¡always¡¡be¡¡so£»¡¡would¡¡be¡¡well¡¡enough¡¡if¡¡a¡¡State¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡were¡¡individually¡¡a¡¡sovereign¡¡state£»¡¡for¡¡territory£»¡¡¡¡with¡¡its¡¡population¡¡not¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡another£»¡¡is¡¡always¡¡a¡¡sovereign¡¡¡¡state£»¡¡even¡¡though¡¡its¡¡government¡¡has¡¡been¡¡subverted¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡this¡¡¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡fact£»¡¡for¡¡territory¡¡with¡¡its¡¡population¡¡does¡¡not¡¡¡¡constitute¡¡a¡¡State¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡and£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡when¡¡of¡¡a¡¡State¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡remains¡¡but¡¡territory¡¡and¡¡population£»¡¡the¡¡State¡¡has¡¡¡¡evidently¡¡disappeared¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡will¡¡not¡¡do¡¡then¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡that¡¡¡¡State¡¡suicide¡¡is¡¡impossible£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡States¡¡that¡¡adopted¡¡¡¡secession¡¡ordinances¡¡have¡¡never¡¡for¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡States¡¡¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡free£»¡¡whenever¡¡they¡¡choose£»¡¡to¡¡send¡¡their¡¡¡¡representatives¡¡and¡¡senators¡¡to¡¡occupy¡¡their¡¡vacant¡¡seats¡¡in¡¡¡¡Congress¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡must¡¡be¡¡reorganized¡¡first¡£
There¡¡would¡¡also¡¡be¡¡some¡¡embarrassment¡¡to¡¡the¡¡government¡¡in¡¡¡¡holding¡¡that¡¡the¡¡States¡¡that¡¡passed¡¡the¡¡secession¡¡ordinance¡¡¡¡remain£»¡¡notwithstanding£»¡¡States¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡citizens¡¡of¡¡a¡¡¡¡State¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡rebels¡¡to¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡unless¡¡¡¡they¡¡are¡¡rebels¡¡to¡¡their¡¡State£»¡¡and¡¡rebels¡¡to¡¡their¡¡State¡¡they¡¡¡¡are¡¡not£»¡¡unless¡¡they¡¡resist¡¡its¡¡authority¡¡and¡¡make¡¡war¡¡on¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡authority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡is¡¡a¡¡legal¡¡authority£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡the¡¡citizen¡¡in¡¡obeying¡¡304¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡is¡¡disloyal¡¡neither¡¡to¡¡the¡¡State¡¡nor¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡Union¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡citizens¡¡in¡¡the¡¡States¡¡that¡¡made¡¡war¡¡on¡¡the¡¡¡¡United¡¡States¡¡did¡¡not¡¡resist¡¡their¡¡State£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡acted¡¡by¡¡its¡¡¡¡authority¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡only¡¡men£»¡¡on¡¡this¡¡supposition£»¡¡in¡¡them£»¡¡who¡¡have¡¡¡¡been¡¡traitors¡¡or¡¡rebels£»¡¡are¡¡precisely¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡men¡¡who¡¡have¡¡¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡go¡¡with¡¡their¡¡respective¡¡States£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡resisted£»¡¡¡¡even¡¡with¡¡armed¡¡force£»¡¡the¡¡secession¡¡ordinances¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡several¡¡¡¡State¡¡governments£»¡¡under¡¡which¡¡the¡¡so¡called¡¡rebels¡¡carried¡¡on¡¡¡¡the¡¡war¡¡for¡¡the¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡States¡¡are¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡were¡¡legal¡¡and¡¡loyal¡¡governments¡¡of¡¡their¡¡respective¡¡¡¡States£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡were¡¡legally¡¡elected¡¡and¡¡installed£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡conformed¡¡to¡¡their¡¡respective¡¡State¡¡constitutions¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡the¡¡acts¡¡¡¡of¡¡these¡¡governments¡¡have¡¡been¡¡constitutional¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡entering¡¡¡¡into¡¡a¡¡confederacy¡¡for¡¡attaining¡¡a¡¡separate¡¡nationality¡¡has¡¡been¡¡¡¡legal£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡debts¡¡contracted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡States¡¡individually£»¡¡or¡¡by¡¡¡¡the¡¡confederacy¡¡legally¡¡formed¡¡by¡¡them£»¡¡have¡¡been¡¡legally¡¡¡¡contracted£»¡¡stand¡¡good¡¡against¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡perhaps¡¡against¡¡the¡¡¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡war¡¡against¡¡them¡¡has¡¡been¡¡all¡¡wrong£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡¡¡confederates¡¡killed¡¡in¡¡battle¡¡have¡¡been¡¡murdered¡¡by¡¡the¡¡United¡¡¡¡States¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡blockade¡¡has¡¡been¡¡illegal£»¡¡for¡¡no¡¡nation¡¡can¡¡¡¡blockade¡¡its¡¡own¡¡ports£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡captures¡¡and¡¡seizures¡¡under¡¡305¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡¡¡robberies¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Supreme¡¡Court¡¡has¡¡been¡¡wrong¡¡in¡¡declaring¡¡the¡¡war¡¡¡¡a¡¡territorial¡¡civil¡¡war£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡government¡¡in¡¡acting¡¡¡¡accordingly¡£¡¡¡¡Now£»¡¡all¡¡these¡¡conclusions¡¡are¡¡manifestly¡¡false¡¡and¡¡¡¡absurd£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡the¡¡assumption¡¡that¡¡the¡¡States¡¡in¡¡question¡¡¡¡have¡¡all¡¡along¡¡been¡¡States¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡sustained¡£
It¡¡is¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡understand¡¡the¡¡resistance¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡offers¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡that¡¡a¡¡State¡¡may¡¡commit¡¡suicide£»¡¡or¡¡by¡¡its¡¡own¡¡act¡¡¡¡abdicate¡¡its¡¡rights¡¡and¡¡cease¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡State¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡¡¡admissible¡¡on¡¡no¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡the¡¡constitution¡¡that¡¡has¡¡been¡¡widely¡¡¡¡entertained¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡admissible¡¡on¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Calhoun's¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡¡¡State¡¡sovereignty£»¡¡for¡¡on¡¡that¡¡theory¡¡a¡¡State¡¡in¡¡going¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡Union¡¡does¡¡not¡¡cease¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡State¡¡but¡¡simply¡¡resumes¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡¡¡it¡¡had¡¡delegated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡General¡¡government¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡¡¡maintained¡¡on¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Madison's¡¡or¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Webster's¡¡theory£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡¡¡States¡¡prior¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡were¡¡severally¡¡sovereign£»¡¡but¡¡by¡¡the¡¡¡¡Union¡¡were¡¡constituted¡¡one¡¡people£»¡¡for£»¡¡if¡¡this¡¡one¡¡people¡¡are¡¡¡¡understood¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡federal¡¡people£»¡¡State¡¡secession¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡¡¡State¡¡suicide£»¡¡but¡¡State¡¡independence£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡understood¡¡to¡¡be¡¡¡¡one¡¡consolidated¡¡or¡¡centralized¡¡people£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡simply¡¡¡¡insurrection¡¡or¡¡rebellion¡¡against¡¡the¡¡national¡¡¡¡306¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡authority£»¡¡¡¡laboring¡¡to¡¡make¡¡itself¡¡a¡¡revolution¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡government¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡¡¡have¡¡understood¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Madison's¡¡theory¡¡in¡¡both¡¡sensesin¡¡the¡¡¡¡consolidated¡¡sense£»¡¡in¡¡declaring¡¡the¡¡secessionists¡¡insurgents¡¡and¡¡¡¡rebels£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡federal¡¡sense£»¡¡in¡¡maintaining¡¡that¡¡they¡¡have¡¡¡¡never¡¡seceded£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡still¡¡States¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡in¡¡full¡¡¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡all¡¡their¡¡political¡¡or¡¡State¡¡rights¡£¡¡¡¡Perhaps£»¡¡if¡¡¡¡the¡¡government£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡borrowing¡¡from¡¡contradictory¡¡theories¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡constitution¡¡which¡¡have¡¡gained¡¡currency£»¡¡had¡¡examined¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡light¡¡of¡¡historical¡¡facts¡¡the¡¡constitution¡¡itself£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡¡¡have¡¡been¡¡as¡¡constitutional¡¡in¡¡its¡¡doctrine¡¡as¡¡it¡¡has¡¡been¡¡loyal¡¡¡¡and¡¡patriotic£»¡¡energetic¡¡and¡¡successful¡¡in¡¡its¡¡military¡¡¡¡administration¡£
Another¡¡reason¡¡why¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡that¡¡State¡¡secession¡¡is¡¡State¡¡¡¡suicide¡¡has¡¡appeared¡¡so¡¡offensive¡¡to¡¡many£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡supposition¡¡¡¡entertained¡¡at¡¡one¡¡time¡¡by¡¡some¡¡of¡¡its¡¡friends£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡¡¡dissolution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡vacates¡¡all¡¡rights¡¡and¡¡franchises¡¡held¡¡¡¡under¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡this¡¡is¡¡a¡¡mistake¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡principle¡¡is¡¡well¡¡known¡¡¡¡and¡¡recognized¡¡by¡¡the¡¡jurisprudence¡¡of¡¡all¡¡civilized¡¡nations£»¡¡¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡transfer¡¡of¡¡a¡¡territory¡¡from¡¡one¡¡territorial¡¡¡¡sovereign¡¡to¡¡another£»¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡in¡¡force¡¡under¡¡the¡¡old¡¡sovereign¡¡¡¡remain¡¡in¡¡force¡¡after¡¡the¡¡change£»¡¡till¡¡abrogated£»¡¡or¡¡others¡¡are¡¡¡¡enacted¡¡307¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡their¡¡place¡¡by¡¡the¡¡new¡¡sovereign£»¡¡except¡¡such¡¡as¡¡are¡¡¡¡necessarily¡¡abrogated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡change¡¡itself¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sovereign£»¡¡not£»¡¡¡¡indeed£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡old¡¡sovereign¡¡retains¡¡any¡¡authority£»¡¡but£»¡¡¡¡because¡¡such¡¡is¡¡presumed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡courts¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡¡¡sovereign¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡principle¡¡applies¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡a¡¡¡¡State¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡are¡¡territorial£»¡¡till¡¡¡¡abrogated¡¡by¡¡competent¡¡authority£»¡¡remain¡¡the¡¡lex¡¡loci£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡in¡¡¡¡full¡¡force¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡that¡¡would¡¡be¡¡vacated¡¡would¡¡be¡¡the¡¡public¡¡rights¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡no¡¡case¡¡the¡¡private¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡citizens£»¡¡¡¡corporations£»¡¡or¡¡laws¡¡affecting¡¡them¡£
But¡¡the¡¡same¡¡conclusion¡¡is¡¡reached¡¡in¡¡another¡¡way¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡lapse¡¡¡¡of¡¡a¡¡State¡¡or¡¡its¡¡return¡¡to¡¡the¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Territory£»¡¡there¡¡¡¡is¡¡really¡¡no¡¡change¡¡of¡¡sovereignty¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡sovereignty£»¡¡both¡¡before¡¡¡¡and¡¡after£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡sovereign¡¡authority¡¡that¡¡¡¡governs¡¡in¡¡the¡¡State¡¡government£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡have¡¡seen£»¡¡though¡¡¡¡independent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡General¡¡government£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡United¡¡States¡¡govern¡¡certain¡¡matters¡¡through¡¡a¡¡General¡¡¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡others¡¡through¡¡particular¡¡State¡¡governments¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡private¡¡rights¡¡and¡¡interests¡¡created£»¡¡regulated£»¡¡or¡¡protected¡¡by¡¡¡¡the¡¡particular¡¡State£»¡¡are¡¡created£»¡¡regulated£»¡¡or¡¡protected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡as¡¡much¡¡and¡¡as¡¡plenarily¡¡as¡¡308¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡done¡¡by¡¡the¡¡General¡¡¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡State¡¡laws¡¡creating£»¡¡regulating£»¡¡or¡¡protecting¡¡¡¡them¡¡can¡¡be¡¡abrogated¡¡by¡¡no¡¡power¡¡known¡¡to¡¡the¡¡constitution£»¡¡but¡¡¡¡either¡¡the¡¡State¡¡itself£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡in¡¡convention¡¡legally¡¡¡¡assembled¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡this¡¡were¡¡what¡¡is¡¡meant¡¡by¡¡the¡¡States¡¡that¡¡have¡¡¡¡seceded£»¡¡or¡¡professed¡¡to¡¡secede£»¡¡remaining¡¡States¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡¡¡they¡¡would£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡be¡¡States¡¡still¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡notwithstanding¡¡¡¡secession¡¡and¡¡the¡¡government¡¡would¡¡be¡¡right¡¡in¡¡saying¡¡that¡¡no¡¡¡¡State¡¡can¡¡secede¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡this¡¡is¡¡not¡¡what¡¡is¡¡meant£»¡¡at¡¡least¡¡not¡¡¡¡all¡¡that¡¡is¡¡meant¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡meant¡¡not¡¡only¡¡that¡¡the¡¡private¡¡rights¡¡¡¡of¡¡citizens¡¡and¡¡corporations¡¡remain£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡citizens¡¡retain¡¡all¡¡¡¡the¡¡public¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡¡¡representation¡¡in¡¡Congress¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡electoral¡¡college£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡¡¡right¡¡to¡¡sit¡¡in¡¡the¡¡convention£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡not¡¡true¡£
But¡¡the¡¡correction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡misapprehension¡¡that¡¡the¡¡private¡¡rights¡¡¡¡and¡¡interests¡¡are¡¡lost¡¡by¡¡the¡¡lapse¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡may¡¡remove¡¡the¡¡¡¡graver¡¡prejudices¡¡against¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡State¡¡suicide£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡dispose¡¡loyal¡¡and¡¡honest¡¡Union¡¡men¡¡to¡¡bear¡¡the¡¡reasons¡¡by¡¡which¡¡¡¡it¡¡is¡¡supported£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡nobody¡¡has¡¡refuted¡¡or¡¡can¡¡refute¡¡on¡¡¡¡constitutional¡¡grounds¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡Territory¡¡by¡¡coming¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡¡¡becomes¡¡a¡¡State£»¡¡a¡¡State¡¡by¡¡going¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡becomes¡¡a¡¡¡¡Territory¡£
CHAPTER¡¡XIII¡£
RECONSTRUCTION¡£
The¡¡question¡¡of¡¡reconstructing¡¡the¡¡States¡¡that¡¡seceded¡¡will¡¡be¡¡¡¡practically¡¡settled¡¡before¡¡these¡¡pages¡¡can¡¡see¡¡the¡¡light£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡will¡¡therefore¡¡be¡¡considered¡¡here¡¡only¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡¡¡complete¡¡the¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡constitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡manner¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡government¡¡proposed¡¡to¡¡settle£»¡¡has¡¡settled£»¡¡¡¡or¡¡will¡¡settle¡¡the¡¡question£»¡¡proves¡¡that¡¡both¡¡it¡¡and¡¡the¡¡American¡¡¡¡people¡¡have¡¡only¡¡confused¡¡views¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rights¡¡and¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡General¡¡government£»¡¡but¡¡imperfectly¡¡comprehend¡¡the¡¡distinction¡¡¡¡between¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡and¡¡executive¡¡d