the american republic-µÚ19½Ú
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
hurch¡¡with¡¡most¡¡disastrous¡¡consequences¡£¡¡¡¡While¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡¡¡Empire¡¡of¡¡the¡¡West¡¡subsisted£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡after¡¡its¡¡118¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fall£»¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡East¡¡asserted¡¡and¡¡practically¡¡maintained¡¡his¡¡¡¡authority¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Exarchate¡¡of¡¡Ravenna¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Duchy¡¡of¡¡Rome£»¡¡the¡¡¡¡Popes¡¡comported¡¡themselves£»¡¡in¡¡civil¡¡matters£»¡¡as¡¡subjects¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡Roman¡¡emperor£»¡¡and¡¡set¡¡forth¡¡no¡¡claim¡¡to¡¡temporal¡¡independence¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡when¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡had¡¡lost¡¡Rome£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡his¡¡possessions¡¡in¡¡¡¡Italy£»¡¡had¡¡abandoned¡¡them£»¡¡or¡¡been¡¡deprived¡¡of¡¡them¡¡by¡¡the¡¡¡¡barbarians£»¡¡and¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡make¡¡any¡¡efforts¡¡to¡¡recover¡¡them£»¡¡the¡¡¡¡Pope¡¡was¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡a¡¡subject£»¡¡even¡¡in¡¡civil¡¡matters£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡emperor£»¡¡and¡¡owed¡¡him¡¡no¡¡civil¡¡allegiance¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡became¡¡civilly¡¡¡¡independent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡Empire£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡only¡¡spiritual¡¡relations¡¡¡¡with¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡the¡¡new¡¡powers¡¡that¡¡sprang¡¡up¡¡in¡¡Europe¡¡he¡¡appears¡¡¡¡never¡¡to¡¡have¡¡acknowledged¡¡any¡¡civil¡¡subjection£»¡¡and¡¡uniformly¡¡¡¡asserted£»¡¡in¡¡face¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡his¡¡civil¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡spiritual¡¡¡¡independence¡£
This¡¡civil¡¡independence¡¡the¡¡successors¡¡of¡¡Charlemagne£»¡¡who¡¡¡¡pretended¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡successors¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡Emperors¡¡of¡¡the¡¡West£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡called¡¡their¡¡empire¡¡the¡¡Holy¡¡Roman¡¡Empire£»¡¡denied£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡maintained¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Pope¡¡owed¡¡them¡¡civil¡¡allegiance£»¡¡or¡¡that£»¡¡in¡¡¡¡temporals£»¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡was¡¡the¡¡Pope's¡¡superior¡£¡¡¡¡If£»¡¡said¡¡the¡¡¡¡emperor£»¡¡or¡¡his¡¡lawyers¡¡for¡¡him£»¡¡the¡¡civil¡¡power¡¡is¡¡from¡¡God£»¡¡as¡¡¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be£»¡¡since¡¡non¡¡est¡¡potestas¡¡¡¡119¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nisi¡¡a¡¡Deo£»¡¡the¡¡state¡¡stands¡¡¡¡on¡¡the¡¡same¡¡footing¡¡with¡¡the¡¡church£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡imperial¡¡power¡¡¡¡emanates¡¡from¡¡as¡¡high¡¡a¡¡source¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Pontifical¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡emperor¡¡is¡¡then¡¡as¡¡supreme¡¡in¡¡temporals¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Pope¡¡in¡¡¡¡spirituals£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡is¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡the¡¡pope¡¡in¡¡¡¡spirituals£»¡¡so¡¡must¡¡the¡¡Pope¡¡be¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡in¡¡¡¡temporals¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡the¡¡dispute¡¡arose£»¡¡the¡¡temporal¡¡¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡churchmen¡¡were¡¡so¡¡interwoven¡¡with¡¡their¡¡spiritual¡¡¡¡rights£»¡¡the¡¡pretensions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡amounted¡¡practically¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡subjection¡¡in¡¡spirituals¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡temporals¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡ecclesiastical¡¡authority¡¡to¡¡the¡¡civil£»¡¡and¡¡absorbed¡¡the¡¡church¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡state£»¡¡the¡¡reasoning¡¡was¡¡denied£»¡¡and¡¡churchmen¡¡replied£º¡¡The¡¡¡¡Pope¡¡represents¡¡the¡¡spiritual¡¡order£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡always¡¡and¡¡¡¡everywhere¡¡supreme¡¡over¡¡the¡¡temporal£»¡¡since¡¡the¡¡spiritual¡¡order¡¡¡¡is¡¡the¡¡divine¡¡sovereignty¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡Always¡¡and¡¡everywhere£»¡¡then£»¡¡¡¡is¡¡the¡¡Pope¡¡independent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡emperor£»¡¡his¡¡superior£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡¡¡subject¡¡him¡¡in¡¡any¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡would¡¡be¡¡as¡¡repugnant¡¡to¡¡¡¡reason¡¡as¡¡to¡¡subject¡¡the¡¡soul¡¡to¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¡flesh£»¡¡heaven¡¡to¡¡earth£»¡¡or¡¡God¡¡to¡¡man¡£
If¡¡the¡¡universal¡¡supremacy¡¡claimed¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Pope£»¡¡rejoined¡¡the¡¡¡¡imperialists£»¡¡be¡¡conceded£»¡¡the¡¡state¡¡would¡¡be¡¡absorbed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¡church£»¡¡the¡¡autonomy¡¡of¡¡civil¡¡society¡¡would¡¡be¡¡destroyed£»¡¡and¡¡120¡¡civil¡¡rulers¡¡would¡¡have¡¡no¡¡functions¡¡but¡¡to¡¡do¡¡the¡¡bidding¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡clergy¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡would¡¡establish¡¡a¡¡complete¡¡theocracy£»¡¡or£»¡¡rather£»¡¡¡¡clerocracy£»¡¡of¡¡all¡¡possible¡¡governments¡¡the¡¡government¡¡the¡¡most¡¡¡¡odious¡¡to¡¡mankind£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡most¡¡hostile¡¡to¡¡social¡¡progress¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡¡¡the¡¡Jews¡¡could¡¡not£»¡¡or¡¡would¡¡not£»¡¡endure¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡prayed¡¡God¡¡to¡¡¡¡give¡¡them¡¡a¡¡king£»¡¡that¡¡they¡¡might¡¡be¡¡like¡¡other¡¡nations¡£
In¡¡the¡¡heat¡¡of¡¡the¡¡controversy¡¡neither¡¡party¡¡clearly¡¡and¡¡¡¡distinctly¡¡perceived¡¡the¡¡true¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the¡¡question£»¡¡and¡¡each¡¡was¡¡¡¡partly¡¡right¡¡and¡¡partly¡¡wrong¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡imperialists¡¡wanted¡¡room¡¡for¡¡¡¡the¡¡free¡¡activity¡¡of¡¡civil¡¡society£»¡¡the¡¡church¡¡wanted¡¡to¡¡¡¡establish¡¡in¡¡that¡¡society¡¡the¡¡supremacy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡order£»¡¡or¡¡¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡without¡¡which¡¡governments¡¡can¡¡have¡¡no¡¡stability£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡society¡¡no¡¡real¡¡well¡being¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡real¡¡solution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡difficulty¡¡was¡¡always¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡church¡¡¡¡herself£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡been¡¡given¡¡time¡¡and¡¡again¡¡by¡¡her¡¡most¡¡approved¡¡¡¡theologians¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Pope£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡visible¡¡head¡¡of¡¡the¡¡spiritual¡¡¡¡society£»¡¡is£»¡¡no¡¡doubt£»¡¡superior¡¡to¡¡the¡¡emperor£»¡¡not¡¡precisely¡¡¡¡because¡¡he¡¡represents¡¡a¡¡superior¡¡order£»¡¡but¡¡because¡¡the¡¡church£»¡¡¡¡of¡¡which¡¡he¡¡is¡¡the¡¡visible¡¡chief£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡supernatural¡¡institution£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡holds¡¡immediately¡¡from¡¡God£»¡¡whereas¡¡civil¡¡society£»¡¡121¡¡represented¡¡by¡¡the¡¡emperor£»¡¡holds¡¡from¡¡God¡¡only¡¡mediately£»¡¡¡¡through¡¡second¡¡causes£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡¡¡Yet£»¡¡though¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡¡¡God¡¡only¡¡through¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡civil¡¡authority¡¡still¡¡holds¡¡from¡¡God£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡derives¡¡its¡¡right¡¡from¡¡Him¡¡through¡¡another¡¡channel¡¡than¡¡the¡¡¡¡church¡¡or¡¡spiritual¡¡society£»¡¡and£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡has¡¡a¡¡right£»¡¡a¡¡¡¡sacredness£»¡¡which¡¡the¡¡church¡¡herself¡¡gives¡¡not£»¡¡and¡¡must¡¡¡¡recognize¡¡and¡¡respect¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡she¡¡herself¡¡teaches¡¡in¡¡teaching¡¡that¡¡¡¡even¡¡infidels£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡have¡¡seen£»¡¡may¡¡have¡¡legitimate¡¡government£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡since£»¡¡though¡¡she¡¡interprets¡¡and¡¡applies¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡both¡¡¡¡natural¡¡and¡¡revealed£»¡¡she¡¡makes¡¡neither¡£
Nevertheless£»¡¡the¡¡imperialists¡¡or¡¡the¡¡statists¡¡insisted¡¡on¡¡their¡¡¡¡false¡¡charge¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Pope£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡labored¡¡to¡¡found¡¡a¡¡purely¡¡¡¡theocratic¡¡or¡¡clerocratic¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡finding¡¡themselves¡¡¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡place¡¡the¡¡representative¡¡of¡¡the¡¡civil¡¡society¡¡on¡¡the¡¡¡¡same¡¡level¡¡with¡¡the¡¡representative¡¡of¡¡the¡¡spiritual£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡¡¡emancipate¡¡the¡¡state¡¡from¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡God¡¡while¡¡they¡¡conceded¡¡the¡¡¡¡divine¡¡origin¡¡or¡¡right¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡they¡¡sought¡¡to¡¡effect¡¡its¡¡¡¡independence¡¡by¡¡asserting¡¡for¡¡it¡¡only¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡or¡¡purely¡¡human¡¡¡¡origin¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡nearly¡¡two¡¡centuries¡¡the¡¡most¡¡popular¡¡and¡¡¡¡influential¡¡writers¡¡on¡¡government¡¡have¡¡rejected¡¡the¡¡divine¡¡origin¡¡¡¡and¡¡ground¡¡of¡¡civil¡¡authority£»¡¡122¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡excluded¡¡God¡¡from¡¡the¡¡state¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡have¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡look¡¡beyond¡¡second¡¡causes£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡labored¡¡¡¡to¡¡derive¡¡authority¡¡from¡¡man¡¡alone¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡have¡¡not¡¡only¡¡separated¡¡¡¡the¡¡state¡¡from¡¡the¡¡church¡¡as¡¡an¡¡external¡¡corporation£»¡¡but¡¡from¡¡¡¡God¡¡as¡¡its¡¡internal¡¡lawgiver£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡so¡¡doing¡¡have¡¡deprived¡¡the¡¡¡¡state¡¡of¡¡her¡¡sacredness£»¡¡inviolability£»¡¡or¡¡hold¡¡on¡¡the¡¡conscience£»¡¡¡¡scoffed¡¡at¡¡loyalty¡¡as¡¡a¡¡superstition£»¡¡and¡¡consecrated¡¡not¡¡civil¡¡¡¡authority£»¡¡but¡¡what¡¡is¡¡called¡¡¡¨the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡insurrection¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Under¡¡¡¡their¡¡teaching¡¡the¡¡age¡¡sympathizes¡¡not¡¡with¡¡authority¡¡in¡¡its¡¡¡¡efforts¡¡to¡¡sustain¡¡itself¡¡and¡¡protect¡¡society£»¡¡but¡¡with¡¡those¡¡who¡¡¡¡conspire¡¡against¡¡itthe¡¡insurgents£»¡¡rebels£»¡¡revolutionists¡¡¡¡seeking¡¡its¡¡destruction¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡established¡¡government¡¡that¡¡seeks¡¡¡¡to¡¡enforce¡¡respect¡¡for¡¡its¡¡legitimate¡¡authority¡¡and¡¡compel¡¡¡¡obedience¡¡to¡¡the¡¡laws£»¡¡is¡¡held¡¡to¡¡be¡¡despotic£»¡¡tyrannical£»¡¡¡¡oppressive£»¡¡and¡¡resistance¡¡to¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡obedience¡¡to¡¡God£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡¡¡wild¡¡howl¡¡rings¡¡through¡¡Christendom¡¡against¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡that¡¡will¡¡¡¡not¡¡stand¡¡still¡¡and¡¡permit¡¡the¡¡conspirators¡¡to¡¡cut¡¡his¡¡throat¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡is¡¡hardly¡¡a¡¡government¡¡now¡¡in¡¡the¡¡civilized¡¡world¡¡that¡¡can¡¡¡¡sustain¡¡itself¡¡for¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡without¡¡an¡¡armed¡¡force¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡¡¡overawe¡¡or¡¡crush¡¡the¡¡party¡¡or¡¡parties¡¡in¡¡permanent¡¡conspiracy¡¡¡¡against¡¡it¡£
This¡¡result¡¡is¡¡not¡¡what¡¡was¡¡aimed¡¡at¡¡or¡¡de¡¡¡123¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sired£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡¡¡logical¡¡or¡¡necessary¡¡result¡¡of¡¡the¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡erect¡¡the¡¡state¡¡on¡¡¡¡atheistical¡¡principles¡£¡¡¡¡Unless¡¡founded¡¡on¡¡the¡¡divine¡¡sovereignty£»¡¡¡¡authority¡¡can¡¡sustain¡¡itself¡¡only¡¡by¡¡force£»¡¡for¡¡political¡¡atheism¡¡¡¡recognizes¡¡no¡¡right¡¡but¡¡might¡£¡¡¡¡No¡¡doubt¡¡the¡¡politicians¡¡have¡¡¡¡sought¡¡an¡¡atheistical£»¡¡or¡¡what¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡¡thing£»¡¡a¡¡purely¡¡human£»¡¡¡¡basis¡¡for¡¡government£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡an¡¡open¡¡field¡¡for¡¡human¡¡¡¡freedom¡¡and¡¡activity£»¡¡or¡¡individual¡¡or¡¡social¡¡progress¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡end¡¡¡¡aimed¡¡at¡¡has¡¡been¡¡good£»¡¡laudable¡¡even£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡forgot¡¡that¡¡¡¡freedom¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡only¡¡with¡¡authority¡¡that¡¡protects¡¡it¡¡against¡¡¡¡license¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡against¡¡despotism£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡there¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡¡¡progress¡¡where¡¡there¡¡is¡¡nothing¡¡that¡¡is¡¡not¡¡progressive¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡civil¡¡society¡¡two¡¡things¡¡are¡¡necessarystability¡¡and¡¡movement¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡human¡¡is¡¡the¡¡element¡¡of¡¡movement£»¡¡for¡¡in¡¡it¡¡are¡¡possibilities¡¡¡¡that¡¡can¡¡be¡¡only¡¡successively¡¡actualized¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡element¡¡of¡¡¡¡stability¡¡can¡¡be¡¡found¡¡only¡¡in¡¡the¡¡divine£»¡¡in¡¡God£»¡¡in¡¡whom¡¡there¡¡¡¡is¡¡no¡¡unactualized¡¡possibility£»¡¡who£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡is¡¡immovable£»¡¡¡¡immutable£»¡¡and¡¡eternal¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡doctrine¡¡that¡¡derives¡¡authority¡¡from¡¡¡¡God¡¡through¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡recognizes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡state¡¡both¡¡of¡¡these¡¡¡¡elements£»¡¡and¡¡provides¡¡alike¡¡for¡¡stability¡¡and¡¡progress¡£
This¡¡doctrine¡¡is¡¡not¡¡mere¡¡theory£»¡¡it¡¡simply¡¡124¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡states¡¡the¡¡real¡¡order¡¡¡¡of¡¡things¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡telling¡¡what¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡but¡¡what¡¡is¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡real¡¡order¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡only¡¡asserts¡¡for¡¡civil¡¡government¡¡the¡¡¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡God¡¡which¡¡nature¡¡herself¡¡holds¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡which¡¡the¡¡¡¡entire¡¡universe¡¡holds¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Creator¡£¡¡¡¡Nothing¡¡in¡¡man£»¡¡in¡¡nature£»¡¡¡¡in¡¡the¡¡universe£»¡¡is¡¡explicable¡¡without¡¡the¡¡creative¡¡act¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡¡¡for¡¡nothing¡¡exists¡¡without¡¡that¡¡act¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡God¡¡¡¨in¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡¡¡created¡¡heaven¡¡and¡¡earth£»¡¨¡¡is¡¡the¡¡first¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡all¡¡science¡¡¡¡as¡¡of¡¡all¡¡existences£»¡¡in¡¡politics¡¡no¡¡less¡¡than¡¡in¡¡theology¡£¡¡¡¡God¡¡¡¡and¡¡creation¡¡comprise¡¡all¡¡that¡¡is¡¡or¡¡exists£»¡¡and¡¡creation£»¡¡though¡¡¡¡distinguishable¡¡from¡¡God¡¡as¡¡the¡¡act¡¡from¡¡the¡¡actor£»¡¡is¡¡¡¡inseparable¡¡from¡¡him£»¡¡¡¨for¡¡in¡¡Him¡¡we¡¡live¡¡and¡¡move¡¡and¡¡have¡¡our¡¡¡¡being¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡All¡¡creatures¡¡are¡¡joined¡¡to¡¡him¡¡by¡¡his¡¡creative¡¡act£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡exist¡¡only¡¡as¡¡through¡¡that¡¡act¡¡they¡¡participate¡¡of¡¡his¡¡being¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Through¡¡that¡¡act¡¡he¡¡is¡¡immanent¡¡as¡¡first¡¡cause¡¡in¡¡all¡¡creatures¡¡¡¡and¡¡in¡¡every¡¡act¡¡of¡¡every¡¡creature¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡creature¡¡deriving¡¡from¡¡¡¡his¡¡creative¡¡act¡¡can¡¡no¡¡more¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡exist¡¡than¡¡it¡¡could¡¡¡¡begin¡¡to¡¡exist¡¡without¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡as¡¡bad¡¡philosophy¡¡as¡¡theology£»¡¡¡¡to¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡God¡¡created¡¡the¡¡universe£»¡¡endowed¡¡it¡¡with¡¡certain¡¡¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡development¡¡or¡¡activity£»¡¡wou