the american republic-µÚ14½Ú
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
83¡¡But¡¡even¡¡this¡¡limitation¡¡of¡¡popular¡¡sovereignty¡¡is¡¡not¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡people¡¡can¡¡be¡¡sovereign¡¡only¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡exist¡¡and¡¡¡¡act¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡people¡¡are¡¡not¡¡God£»¡¡whatever¡¡some¡¡theorists¡¡may¡¡¡¡pretendare¡¡not¡¡independent£»¡¡self¡existent£»¡¡and¡¡self¡sufficing¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡are¡¡as¡¡dependent¡¡collectively¡¡as¡¡individually£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡¡¡can¡¡exist¡¡and¡¡act¡¡only¡¡as¡¡second¡¡cause£»¡¡never¡¡as¡¡first¡¡cause¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡can£»¡¡then£»¡¡even¡¡in¡¡the¡¡limited¡¡sphere¡¡of¡¡their¡¡sovereignty£»¡¡¡¡be¡¡sovereign¡¡only¡¡in¡¡a¡¡secondary¡¡sense£»¡¡never¡¡absolute¡¡sovereign¡¡¡¡in¡¡their¡¡own¡¡independent¡¡right¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡are¡¡sovereign¡¡only¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¡extent¡¡to¡¡which¡¡they¡¡impart¡¡life¡¡to¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡members¡¡of¡¡¡¡society£»¡¡and¡¡only¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡in¡¡which¡¡she¡¡imparts¡¡it£»¡¡or¡¡is¡¡its¡¡¡¡cause¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡is¡¡not¡¡its¡¡first¡¡cause¡¡or¡¡creator£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡the¡¡medial¡¡¡¡cause¡¡or¡¡medium¡¡through¡¡which¡¡they¡¡derive¡¡it¡¡from¡¡God£»¡¡not¡¡its¡¡¡¡efficient¡¡cause¡¡or¡¡primary¡¡source¡£¡¡¡¡Society¡¡derives¡¡her¡¡own¡¡life¡¡¡¡from¡¡God£»¡¡and¡¡exists¡¡and¡¡acts¡¡only¡¡as¡¡dependent¡¡on¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡Then¡¡she¡¡¡¡is¡¡sovereign¡¡over¡¡individuals¡¡only¡¡as¡¡dependent¡¡on¡¡God¡£¡¡¡¡Her¡¡¡¡dominion¡¡is¡¡then¡¡not¡¡original¡¡and¡¡absolute£»¡¡but¡¡secondary¡¡and¡¡¡¡derivative¡£
This¡¡third¡¡theory¡¡does¡¡not¡¡err¡¡in¡¡assuming¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡¡¡collectively¡¡are¡¡more¡¡than¡¡the¡¡people¡¡individually£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡denying¡¡¡¡society¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡aggregation¡¡of¡¡individuals¡¡with¡¡no¡¡life£»¡¡¡¡84¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡no¡¡rights¡¡but¡¡what¡¡it¡¡derives¡¡from¡¡them£»¡¡nor¡¡even¡¡in¡¡asserting¡¡¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡society¡¡are¡¡sovereign£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡¡¡asserting¡¡that¡¡they¡¡are¡¡sovereign¡¡in¡¡their¡¡own¡¡native¡¡or¡¡¡¡underived¡¡right¡¡and¡¡might¡£¡¡¡¡Society¡¡has¡¡not¡¡in¡¡herself¡¡the¡¡¡¡absolute¡¡right¡¡to¡¡govern£»¡¡because¡¡she¡¡has¡¡not¡¡the¡¡absolute¡¡¡¡dominion¡¡either¡¡of¡¡herself¡¡or¡¡her¡¡members¡£¡¡¡¡God¡¡gave¡¡to¡¡man¡¡¡¡dominion¡¡over¡¡the¡¡irrational¡¡creation£»¡¡for¡¡he¡¡made¡¡irrational¡¡¡¡creatures¡¡for¡¡man£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡never¡¡gave¡¡him¡¡either¡¡individually¡¡or¡¡¡¡collectively¡¡the¡¡dominion¡¡over¡¡the¡¡rational¡¡creation¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡theory¡¡¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡are¡¡absolutely¡¡sovereign¡¡in¡¡their¡¡own¡¡independent¡¡¡¡right¡¡and¡¡might£»¡¡as¡¡some¡¡zealous¡¡democrats¡¡explain¡¡it£»¡¡asserts¡¡¡¡the¡¡fundamental¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡despotism£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡despotism¡¡is¡¡¡¡false£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡identifies¡¡the¡¡creature¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Creator¡£¡¡¡¡No¡¡¡¡creature¡¡is¡¡creator£»¡¡or¡¡has¡¡the¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡creator£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡consequently¡¡no¡¡one¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡right¡¡is¡¡or¡¡can¡¡be¡¡sovereign¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡third¡¡theory£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡is¡¡untenable¡£
IV¡£¡¡A¡¡still¡¡more¡¡recent¡¡class¡¡of¡¡philosophers£»¡¡if¡¡philosophers¡¡¡¡they¡¡may¡¡be¡¡called£»¡¡reject¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡government¡¡in¡¡the¡¡people¡¡¡¡individually¡¡or¡¡collectively¡£¡¡¡¡Satisfied¡¡that¡¡it¡¡has¡¡never¡¡been¡¡¡¡instituted¡¡by¡¡a¡¡voluntary¡¡and¡¡deliberate¡¡act¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡confounding¡¡government¡¡as¡¡a¡¡85¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fact¡¡with¡¡government¡¡as¡¡authority£»¡¡¡¡maintain¡¡that¡¡government¡¡is¡¡a¡¡spontaneous¡¡development¡¡of¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Nature¡¡develops¡¡it¡¡as¡¡the¡¡liver¡¡secretes¡¡bile£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡bee¡¡¡¡constructs¡¡her¡¡cell£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡beaver¡¡builds¡¡his¡¡dam¡£¡¡¡¡Nature£»¡¡¡¡working¡¡by¡¡her¡¡own¡¡laws¡¡and¡¡inherent¡¡energy£»¡¡develops¡¡society£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡society¡¡develops¡¡government¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡is¡¡all¡¡the¡¡secret¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Questions¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡government¡¡or¡¡its¡¡rights£»¡¡beyond¡¡¡¡the¡¡simple¡¡positive¡¡fact£»¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡the¡¡theological¡¡or¡¡¡¡metaphysical¡¡stage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡but¡¡are¡¡left¡¡¡¡behind¡¡when¡¡the¡¡race¡¡has¡¡passed¡¡beyond¡¡that¡¡stage£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡¡¡reached¡¡the¡¡epoch¡¡of¡¡positive¡¡science£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡all£»¡¡except¡¡the¡¡¡¡positive¡¡fact£»¡¡is¡¡held¡¡to¡¡be¡¡unreal¡¡and¡¡non¡existent¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Government£»¡¡like¡¡every¡¡thing¡¡else¡¡in¡¡the¡¡universe£»¡¡is¡¡simply¡¡a¡¡¡¡positive¡¡development¡¡of¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡Science¡¡explains¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡and¡¡¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡development£»¡¡but¡¡disdains¡¡to¡¡ask¡¡for¡¡its¡¡origin¡¡¡¡or¡¡ground¡¡in¡¡any¡¡order¡¡that¡¡transcends¡¡the¡¡changes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡¡¡of¡¡space¡¡and¡¡time¡£
These¡¡philosophers¡¡profess¡¡to¡¡eschew¡¡all¡¡theory£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡they¡¡¡¡only¡¡oppose¡¡theory¡¡to¡¡theory¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡assertion¡¡that¡¡reality¡¡for¡¡the¡¡¡¡human¡¡mind¡¡is¡¡restricted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡positive¡¡facts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sensible¡¡¡¡order£»¡¡is¡¡purely¡¡theoretic£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡any¡¡thing¡¡but¡¡a¡¡positive¡¡fact¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Principles¡¡are¡¡as¡¡really¡¡objects¡¡of¡¡science¡¡as¡¡facts£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡¡¡only¡¡86¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡the¡¡light¡¡of¡¡principles¡¡that¡¡facts¡¡themselves¡¡are¡¡¡¡intelligible¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡the¡¡human¡¡mind¡¡had¡¡no¡¡science¡¡of¡¡reality¡¡that¡¡¡¡transcends¡¡the¡¡sensible¡¡order£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡positive¡¡fact£»¡¡it¡¡could¡¡¡¡have¡¡no¡¡science¡¡at¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡things¡¡exist¡¡only¡¡in¡¡their¡¡principles¡¡¡¡or¡¡causes£»¡¡so¡¡can¡¡they¡¡be¡¡known¡¡only¡¡in¡¡their¡¡principles¡¡and¡¡¡¡causes£»¡¡for¡¡things¡¡can¡¡be¡¡known¡¡only¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are£»¡¡or¡¡as¡¡they¡¡¡¡really¡¡exist¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡science¡¡that¡¡pretends¡¡to¡¡deduce¡¡principles¡¡¡¡from¡¡particular¡¡facts£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡rise¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡by¡¡way¡¡of¡¡¡¡reasoning¡¡to¡¡an¡¡order¡¡that¡¡transcends¡¡facts£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡which¡¡facts¡¡¡¡have¡¡their¡¡origin£»¡¡is¡¡undoubtedly¡¡chimerical£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡against¡¡that¡¡¡¡the¡¡positivists¡¡are¡¡unquestionably¡¡right¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡that¡¡¡¡man¡¡has¡¡no¡¡intelligence¡¡of¡¡any¡¡thing¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡fact£»¡¡no¡¡¡¡intuition¡¡or¡¡intellectual¡¡apprehension¡¡of¡¡its¡¡principle¡¡or¡¡cause£»¡¡¡¡is¡¡equally¡¡chimerical¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡human¡¡mind¡¡cannot¡¡have¡¡all¡¡science£»¡¡¡¡but¡¡it¡¡has¡¡real¡¡science¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡it¡¡goes£»¡¡and¡¡real¡¡science¡¡is¡¡¡¡the¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡things¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are£»¡¡not¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Sensible¡¡facts¡¡are¡¡not¡¡intelligible¡¡by¡¡themselves£»¡¡because¡¡they¡¡¡¡do¡¡not¡¡exist¡¡by¡¡themselves£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡the¡¡human¡¡mind¡¡could¡¡not¡¡¡¡penetrate¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡fact£»¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡mimetic¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¡methexic£»¡¡or¡¡transcendental¡¡principle£»¡¡copied¡¡or¡¡imitated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡¡¡individual¡¡fact£»¡¡it¡¡could¡¡never¡¡know¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡error¡¡¡¡of¡¡modern¡¡87¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡philosophers£»¡¡or¡¡philosopherlings£»¡¡is¡¡in¡¡supposing¡¡the¡¡¡¡principle¡¡is¡¡deduced¡¡or¡¡inferred¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fact£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡denying¡¡¡¡that¡¡the¡¡human¡¡mind¡¡has¡¡direct¡¡and¡¡immediate¡¡intuition¡¡of¡¡it¡£
Something¡¡that¡¡transcends¡¡the¡¡sensible¡¡order¡¡there¡¡must¡¡be£»¡¡or¡¡¡¡there¡¡could¡¡be¡¡no¡¡development£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡we¡¡had¡¡no¡¡science¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡we¡¡¡¡could¡¡never¡¡assert¡¡that¡¡development¡¡is¡¡development£»¡¡or¡¡¡¡scientifically¡¡explain¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡and¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡development¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Development¡¡is¡¡explication£»¡¡and¡¡supposes¡¡a¡¡germ¡¡which¡¡precedes¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡not¡¡itself¡¡a¡¡development£»¡¡and¡¡development£»¡¡however¡¡far¡¡¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡carried£»¡¡can¡¡never¡¡do¡¡more¡¡than¡¡realize¡¡the¡¡¡¡possibilities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡germ¡£¡¡¡¡Development¡¡is¡¡not¡¡creation£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡supply¡¡its¡¡own¡¡germ¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡at¡¡least¡¡must¡¡be¡¡given¡¡by¡¡the¡¡¡¡Creator£»¡¡for¡¡from¡¡nothing¡¡nothing¡¡can¡¡be¡¡developed¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡authority¡¡¡¡has¡¡not¡¡its¡¡germ¡¡in¡¡nature£»¡¡it¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡developed¡¡from¡¡nature¡¡¡¡spontaneously¡¡or¡¡otherwise¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡government¡¡has¡¡a¡¡governing¡¡will£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡without¡¡a¡¡will¡¡that¡¡commands£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡nature¡¡has¡¡in¡¡her¡¡spontaneous¡¡developments¡¡no¡¡will£»¡¡for¡¡she¡¡has¡¡¡¡no¡¡personality¡£¡¡¡¡Reason¡¡itself£»¡¡as¡¡distinguished¡¡from¡¡will£»¡¡only¡¡¡¡presents¡¡the¡¡end¡¡and¡¡the¡¡means£»¡¡but¡¡does¡¡not¡¡govern£»¡¡it¡¡¡¡prescribes¡¡a¡¡rule£»¡¡but¡¡cannot¡¡ordain¡¡a¡¡law¡£¡¡¡¡An¡¡imperative¡¡will£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡a¡¡superior¡¡who¡¡has¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡88¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡command¡¡what¡¡reason¡¡¡¡dictates¡¡or¡¡approves£»¡¡is¡¡essential¡¡to¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡will¡¡¡¡is¡¡not¡¡developed¡¡from¡¡nature£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡has¡¡no¡¡germ¡¡in¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡So¡¡something¡¡above¡¡and¡¡beyond¡¡nature¡¡must¡¡be¡¡asserted£»¡¡or¡¡¡¡government¡¡itself¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡asserted£»¡¡even¡¡as¡¡a¡¡development¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Nature¡¡is¡¡no¡¡more¡¡self¡sufficing¡¡than¡¡are¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡or¡¡than¡¡is¡¡¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡man¡£
No¡¡doubt¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡law£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡law¡¡in¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡sense¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡word¡¡law£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡is¡¡a¡¡positive¡¡law¡¡under¡¡which¡¡nature¡¡is¡¡¡¡placed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡sovereign¡¡above¡¡herself£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡never¡¡to¡¡be¡¡¡¡confounded¡¡with¡¡those¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡so¡called£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡¡¡which¡¡she¡¡is¡¡productive¡¡as¡¡second¡¡cause£»¡¡or¡¡produces¡¡her¡¡effects£»¡¡¡¡which¡¡are¡¡not¡¡properly¡¡laws¡¡at¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡Fire¡¡burns£»¡¡water¡¡flows£»¡¡¡¡rain¡¡falls£»¡¡birds¡¡fly£»¡¡fishes¡¡swim£»¡¡food¡¡nourishes£»¡¡poisons¡¡kill£»¡¡¡¡one¡¡substance¡¡has¡¡a¡¡chemical¡¡affinity¡¡for¡¡another£»¡¡the¡¡needle¡¡¡¡points¡¡to¡¡the¡¡pole£»¡¡by¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡law£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡said£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡the¡¡¡¡effects¡¡are¡¡produced¡¡by¡¡an¡¡inherent¡¡and¡¡uniform¡¡natural¡¡force¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Laws¡¡in¡¡this¡¡sense¡¡are¡¡simply¡¡physical¡¡forces£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡nature¡¡¡¡herself¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡natural¡¡law£»¡¡in¡¡an¡¡ethical¡¡sense£»¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a¡¡physical¡¡¡¡law£»¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡force£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡law¡¡impose¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Creator¡¡on¡¡¡¡all¡¡moral¡¡creatures£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡all¡¡creatures¡¡endowed¡¡with¡¡reason¡¡¡¡and¡¡free¡will£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡called¡¡natural¡¡because¡¡promul¡¡¡89¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡gated¡¡in¡¡¡¡natural¡¡reason£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡common¡¡and¡¡essential¡¡to¡¡all¡¡moral¡¡¡¡creatures¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡law¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡what¡¡the¡¡French¡¡call¡¡le¡¡¡¡droit¡¡naturell£»¡¡natural¡¡right£»¡¡and£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡theologians¡¡teach¡¡us£»¡¡¡¡is¡¡the¡¡transcript¡¡of¡¡the¡¡eternal¡¡law£»¡¡the¡¡eternal¡¡will¡¡or¡¡reason¡¡¡¡of¡¡God¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡foundation¡¡of¡¡all¡¡law£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡acts¡¡of¡¡a¡¡state¡¡¡¡that¡¡contravene¡¡it¡¡are£»¡¡as¡¡St¡£¡¡Augustine¡¡maintains£»¡¡violences¡¡¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡laws¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡moral¡¡law¡¡is¡¡no¡¡development¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡for¡¡¡¡it¡¡is¡¡above¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡imposed¡¡on¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡only¡¡¡¡development¡¡there¡¡is¡¡about¡¡it¡¡is¡¡in¡¡our¡¡understanding¡¡of¡¡it¡£
There¡¡is£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡development¡¡in¡¡nature£»¡¡for¡¡nature¡¡considered¡¡¡¡as¡¡creation¡¡has¡¡been¡¡created¡¡in¡¡germ£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡completed¡¡only¡¡in¡¡¡¡successive¡¡developments¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡space¡¡and¡¡time¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡no¡¡space¡¡if¡¡there¡¡had¡¡been¡¡no¡¡external¡¡¡¡creation£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡time¡¡if¡¡the¡¡creation¡¡had¡¡been¡¡completed¡¡¡¡externally¡¡at¡¡once£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡was¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Creator¡£¡¡¡¡Ideal¡¡¡¡space¡¡is¡¡simply¡¡the¡¡ability¡¡of¡¡God¡¡to¡¡externize¡¡his¡¡creative¡¡act£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡actual¡¡space¡¡is¡¡the¡¡relation¡¡of¡¡coexistence¡¡in¡¡the¡¡things¡¡¡¡created£»¡¡ideal¡¡time¡¡is¡¡the¡¡ability¡¡of¡¡God¡¡to¡¡create¡¡existences¡¡¡¡with¡¡the¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡being¡¡completed¡¡by¡¡successive¡¡d