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who¡¡for¡¡some¡¡time¡¡employed¡¡Poe¡¡as¡¡critic¡¡and¡¡sub¡­editor¡¡on¡¡the¡¡
¡¨Evening¡¡Mirror£»¡¨¡¡wrote¡¡thus£º¡¡

¡¨With¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡admiration¡¡for¡¡Poe's¡¡genius£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡willingness¡¡to¡¡
let¡¡it¡¡alone¡¡for¡¡more¡¡than¡¡ordinary¡¡irregularity£»¡¡we¡¡were¡¡led¡¡by¡¡
common¡¡report¡¡to¡¡expect¡¡a¡¡very¡¡capricious¡¡attention¡¡to¡¡his¡¡duties£»¡¡
and¡¡occasionally¡¡a¡¡scene¡¡of¡¡violence¡¡and¡¡difficulty¡£¡¡Time¡¡went¡¡on£»¡¡
however£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡was¡¡invariably¡¡punctual¡¡and¡¡industrious¡£¡¡We¡¡saw¡¡but¡¡
one¡¡presentiment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡man¡­a¡¡quiet£»¡¡patient£»¡¡industrious¡¡and¡¡most¡¡
gentlemanly¡¡person£»¡¡

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mention¡¡of¡¡his¡¡lamentable¡¡irregularities£©£»¡¡that¡¡with¡¡a¡¡single¡¡glass¡¡
of¡¡wine¡¡his¡¡whole¡¡nature¡¡was¡¡reversed£»¡¡the¡¡demon¡¡became¡¡uppermost£»¡¡
and£»¡¡though¡¡none¡¡of¡¡the¡¡usual¡¡signs¡¡of¡¡intoxication¡¡were¡¡visible£»¡¡his¡¡
will¡¡was¡¡palpably¡¡insane¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡reversed¡¡character£»¡¡we¡¡repeat£»¡¡it¡¡
was¡¡never¡¡our¡¡chance¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡him¡£¡¨¡¡

On¡¡September¡¡22£»¡¡1835£»¡¡Poe¡¡married¡¡his¡¡cousin£»¡¡Virginia¡¡Clemm£»¡¡in¡¡
Baltimore¡£¡¡She¡¡had¡¡barely¡¡turned¡¡thirteen¡¡years£»¡¡Poe¡¡himself¡¡was¡¡but¡¡
twentysix¡£¡¡He¡¡then¡¡was¡¡a¡¡resident¡¡of¡¡Richmond¡¡and¡¡a¡¡regular¡¡
contributor¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¨Southern¡¡Literary¡¡Messenger¡£¡¨¡¡It¡¡was¡¡not¡¡until¡¡a¡¡
year¡¡later¡¡that¡¡the¡¡bride¡¡and¡¡her¡¡widowed¡¡mother¡¡followed¡¡him¡¡thither¡£¡¡

Poe's¡¡devotion¡¡to¡¡his¡¡child¡­wife¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡beautiful¡¡
features¡¡of¡¡his¡¡life¡£¡¡Many¡¡of¡¡his¡¡famous¡¡poetic¡¡productions¡¡were¡¡
inspired¡¡by¡¡her¡¡beauty¡¡and¡¡charm¡£¡¡Consumption¡¡had¡¡marked¡¡her¡¡for¡¡its¡¡
victim£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡constant¡¡efforts¡¡of¡¡husband¡¡and¡¡mother¡¡were¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡
for¡¡her¡¡all¡¡the¡¡comfort¡¡and¡¡happiness¡¡their¡¡slender¡¡means¡¡permitted¡£¡¡
Virginia¡¡died¡¡January¡¡30£»¡¡1847£»¡¡when¡¡but¡¡twenty¡­five¡¡years¡¡of¡¡age¡£¡¡A¡¡
friend¡¡of¡¡the¡¡family¡¡pictures¡¡the¡¡death¡­bed¡¡scene¡­mother¡¡and¡¡husband¡¡
trying¡¡to¡¡impart¡¡warmth¡¡to¡¡her¡¡by¡¡chafing¡¡her¡¡hands¡¡and¡¡her¡¡feet£»¡¡
while¡¡her¡¡pet¡¡cat¡¡was¡¡suffered¡¡to¡¡nestle¡¡upon¡¡her¡¡bosom¡¡for¡¡the¡¡sake¡¡
of¡¡added¡¡warmth¡£¡¡

These¡¡verses¡¡from¡¡¡¨Annabel¡¡Lee£»¡¨¡¡written¡¡by¡¡Poe¡¡in¡¡1849£»¡¡the¡¡last¡¡
year¡¡of¡¡his¡¡life£»¡¡tell¡¡of¡¡his¡¡sorrow¡¡at¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡his¡¡child¡­wife£º¡¡

I¡¡was¡¡a¡¡child¡¡and¡¡_she_¡¡was¡¡a¡¡child£»¡¡
¡¡In¡¡a¡¡kingdom¡¡by¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡

But¡¡we¡¡loved¡¡with¡¡_a¡¡_love¡¡that¡¡was¡¡more¡¡than¡¡love¡­¡¡
¡¡¡¡I¡¡and¡¡my¡¡Annabel¡¡Lee£»¡¡

With¡¡a¡¡love¡¡that¡¡the¡¡winged¡¡seraphs¡¡of¡¡heaven¡¡
¡¡Coveted¡¡her¡¡and¡¡me¡£¡¡
And¡¡this¡¡was¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡that£»¡¡long¡¡ago£»¡¡
¡¡In¡¡this¡¡kingdom¡¡by¡¡the¡¡sea¡£¡¡
A¡¡wind¡¡blew¡¡out¡¡of¡¡a¡¡cloud£»¡¡chilling¡¡
¡¡My¡¡beautiful¡¡Annabel¡¡Lee£»¡¡

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¡¡And¡¡bore¡¡her¡¡away¡¡from¡¡me£»¡¡
To¡¡shut¡¡her¡¡up¡¡in¡¡a¡¡sepulchre¡¡
¡¡In¡¡this¡¡kingdom¡¡by¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡


Poe¡¡was¡¡connected¡¡at¡¡various¡¡times¡¡and¡¡in¡¡various¡¡capacities¡¡with¡¡the¡¡
¡¨Southern¡¡Literary¡¡Messenger¡¨¡¡in¡¡Richmond£»¡¡Va¡££»¡¡¡¨Graham's¡¡Magazine¡¨¡¡
and¡¡the¡¡¡¨Gentleman's¡¡Magazine¡¨¡¡in¡¡Philadelphia¡££»¡¡the¡¡¡¨Evening¡¡
Mirror£»¡¨¡¡the¡¡¡¨Broadway¡¡journal£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡¡¨Godey's¡¡Lady's¡¡Book¡¨¡¡in¡¡New¡¡
York¡£¡¡Everywhere¡¡Poe's¡¡life¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡unremitting¡¡toil¡£¡¡No¡¡tales¡¡and¡¡
poems¡¡were¡¡ever¡¡produced¡¡at¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡brain¡¡and¡¡spirit¡£¡¡

Poe's¡¡initial¡¡salary¡¡with¡¡the¡¡¡¨Southern¡¡Literary¡¡Messenger£»¡¨¡¡to¡¡which¡¡
he¡¡contributed¡¡the¡¡first¡¡drafts¡¡of¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡his¡¡best¡­known¡¡tales£»¡¡
was¡¡10¡¡a¡¡week£¡¡¡Two¡¡years¡¡later¡¡his¡¡salary¡¡was¡¡but¡¡600¡¡a¡¡year¡£¡¡Even¡¡
in¡¡1844£»¡¡when¡¡his¡¡literary¡¡reputation¡¡was¡¡established¡¡securely£»¡¡he¡¡
wrote¡¡to¡¡a¡¡friend¡¡expressing¡¡his¡¡pleasure¡¡because¡¡a¡¡magazine¡¡to¡¡which¡¡
he¡¡was¡¡to¡¡contribute¡¡had¡¡agreed¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡him¡¡20¡¡monthly¡¡for¡¡two¡¡pages¡¡
of¡¡criticism¡£¡¡

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lost¡¡faith¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡finally¡¡to¡¡triumph¡¡wherever¡¡pre¡­eminent¡¡talents¡¡
win¡¡admirers¡£¡¡His¡¡genius¡¡has¡¡had¡¡no¡¡better¡¡description¡¡than¡¡in¡¡this¡¡
stanza¡¡from¡¡William¡¡Winter's¡¡poem£»¡¡read¡¡at¡¡the¡¡dedication¡¡exercises¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡Actors'¡¡Monument¡¡to¡¡Poe£»¡¡May¡¡4£»¡¡1885£»¡¡in¡¡New¡¡York£º¡¡

He¡¡was¡¡the¡¡voice¡¡of¡¡beauty¡¡and¡¡of¡¡woe£»¡¡
Passion¡¡and¡¡mystery¡¡and¡¡the¡¡dread¡¡unknown£»¡¡
Pure¡¡as¡¡the¡¡mountains¡¡of¡¡perpetual¡¡snow£»¡¡¡¡
Cold¡¡as¡¡the¡¡icy¡¡winds¡¡that¡¡round¡¡them¡¡moan£»¡¡¡¡
Dark¡¡as¡¡the¡¡eaves¡¡wherein¡¡earth's¡¡thunders¡¡groan£»¡¡¡¡
Wild¡¡as¡¡the¡¡tempests¡¡of¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡sky£»¡¡¡¡
Sweet¡¡as¡¡the¡¡faint£»¡¡far¡­off¡¡celestial¡¡tone¡¡of¡¡angel¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whispers£»¡¡fluttering¡¡from¡¡on¡¡high£»¡¡¡¡
And¡¡tender¡¡as¡¡love's¡¡tear¡¡when¡¡youth¡¡and¡¡beauty¡¡die¡£¡¡


In¡¡the¡¡two¡¡and¡¡a¡¡half¡¡score¡¡years¡¡that¡¡have¡¡elapsed¡¡since¡¡Poe's¡¡death¡¡
he¡¡has¡¡come¡¡fully¡¡into¡¡his¡¡own¡£¡¡For¡¡a¡¡while¡¡Griswold's¡¡malignant¡¡
misrepresentations¡¡colored¡¡the¡¡public¡¡estimate¡¡of¡¡Poe¡¡as¡¡man¡¡and¡¡as¡¡
writer¡£¡¡But£»¡¡thanks¡¡to¡¡J¡£¡¡H¡£¡¡Ingram£»¡¡W¡£¡¡F¡£¡¡Gill£»¡¡Eugene¡¡Didier£»¡¡Sarah¡¡
Helen¡¡Whitman¡¡and¡¡others¡¡these¡¡scandals¡¡have¡¡been¡¡dispelled¡¡and¡¡Poe¡¡
is¡¡seen¡¡as¡¡he¡¡actually¡¡was¡­not¡¡as¡¡a¡¡man¡¡without¡¡failings£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡
but¡¡as¡¡the¡¡finest¡¡and¡¡most¡¡original¡¡genius¡¡in¡¡American¡¡letters¡£¡¡As¡¡
the¡¡years¡¡go¡¡on¡¡his¡¡fame¡¡increases¡£¡¡His¡¡works¡¡have¡¡been¡¡translated¡¡
into¡¡many¡¡foreign¡¡languages¡£¡¡His¡¡is¡¡a¡¡household¡¡name¡¡in¡¡France¡¡and¡¡
England¡­in¡¡fact£»¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡nation¡¡has¡¡often¡¡uttered¡¡the¡¡reproach¡¡
that¡¡Poe's¡¡own¡¡country¡¡has¡¡been¡¡slow¡¡to¡¡appreciate¡¡him¡£¡¡But¡¡that¡¡
reproach£»¡¡if¡¡it¡¡ever¡¡was¡¡warranted£»¡¡certainly¡¡is¡¡untrue¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡W¡£¡¡H¡£¡¡R¡£¡¡

~~~~~~¡¡End¡¡of¡¡Text¡¡~~~~~~¡¡

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EDGAR¡¡ALLAN¡¡POE£û*1£ý¡¡

BY¡¡JAMES¡¡RUSSELL¡¡LOWELL¡¡


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or£»¡¡if¡¡it¡¡have£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡like¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sphere¡¡of¡¡Hermes¡£¡¡It¡¡is£»¡¡
divided¡¡into¡¡many¡¡systems£»¡¡each¡¡revolving¡¡round¡¡its¡¡several¡¡suns£»¡¡and¡¡
often¡¡presenting¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡only¡¡the¡¡faint¡¡glimmer¡¡of¡¡a¡¡
milk¡­and¡­water¡¡way¡£¡¡Our¡¡capital¡¡city£»¡¡unlike¡¡London¡¡or¡¡Paris£»¡¡is¡¡not¡¡
a¡¡great¡¡central¡¡heart¡¡from¡¡which¡¡life¡¡and¡¡vigor¡¡radiate¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
extremities£»¡¡but¡¡resembles¡¡more¡¡an¡¡isolated¡¡umbilicus¡¡stuck¡¡down¡¡as¡¡
near¡¡as¡¡may¡¡be¡¡to¡¡the¡¡centre¡¡of¡¡the¡¡land£»¡¡and¡¡seeming¡¡rather¡¡to¡¡tell¡¡
a¡¡legend¡¡of¡¡former¡¡usefulness¡¡than¡¡to¡¡serve¡¡any¡¡present¡¡need¡£¡¡Boston£»¡¡
New¡¡York£»¡¡Philadelphia£»¡¡each¡¡has¡¡its¡¡literature¡¡almost¡¡more¡¡distinct¡¡
than¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡different¡¡dialects¡¡of¡¡Germany£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Young¡¡Queen¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡West¡¡has¡¡also¡¡one¡¡of¡¡her¡¡own£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡some¡¡articulate¡¡rumor¡¡
barely¡¡has¡¡reached¡¡us¡¡dwellers¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Atlantic¡£¡¡

Perhaps¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡task¡¡more¡¡difficult¡¡than¡¡the¡¡just¡¡criticism¡¡of¡¡
contemporary¡¡literature¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡even¡¡more¡¡grateful¡¡to¡¡give¡¡praise¡¡
where¡¡it¡¡is¡¡needed¡¡than¡¡where¡¡it¡¡is¡¡deserved£»¡¡and¡¡friendship¡¡so¡¡often¡¡
seduces¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡stylus¡¡of¡¡justice¡¡into¡¡a¡¡vague¡¡flourish£»¡¡that¡¡she¡¡
writes¡¡what¡¡seems¡¡rather¡¡like¡¡an¡¡epitaph¡¡than¡¡a¡¡criticism¡£¡¡Yet¡¡if¡¡
praise¡¡be¡¡given¡¡as¡¡an¡¡alms£»¡¡we¡¡could¡¡not¡¡drop¡¡so¡¡poisonous¡¡a¡¡one¡¡into¡¡
any¡¡man's¡¡hat¡£¡¡The¡¡critic's¡¡ink¡¡may¡¡suffer¡¡equally¡¡from¡¡too¡¡large¡¡an¡¡
infusion¡¡of¡¡nutgalls¡¡or¡¡of¡¡sugar¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡easier¡¡to¡¡be¡¡generous¡¡
than¡¡to¡¡be¡¡just£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡might¡¡readily¡¡put¡¡faith¡¡in¡¡that¡¡fabulous¡¡
direction¡¡to¡¡the¡¡hiding¡¡place¡¡of¡¡truth£»¡¡did¡¡we¡¡judge¡¡from¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡
of¡¡water¡¡which¡¡we¡¡usually¡¡find¡¡mixed¡¡with¡¡it¡£¡¡

Remarkable¡¡experiences¡¡are¡¡usually¡¡confined¡¡to¡¡the¡¡inner¡¡life¡¡of¡¡
imaginative¡¡men£»¡¡but¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Poe's¡¡biography¡¡displays¡¡a¡¡vicissitude¡¡and¡¡
peculiarity¡¡of¡¡interest¡¡such¡¡as¡¡is¡¡rarely¡¡met¡¡with¡£¡¡The¡¡offspring¡¡of¡¡
a¡¡romantic¡¡marriage£»¡¡and¡¡left¡¡an¡¡orphan¡¡at¡¡an¡¡early¡¡age£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡
adopted¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Allan£»¡¡a¡¡wealthy¡¡Virginian£»¡¡whose¡¡barren¡¡marriage¡­bed¡¡
seemed¡¡the¡¡warranty¡¡of¡¡a¡¡large¡¡estate¡¡to¡¡the¡¡young¡¡poet¡£¡¡

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and¡¡entered¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Virginia£»¡¡where£»¡¡after¡¡an¡¡extravagant¡¡
course£»¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡reformation¡¡at¡¡the¡¡last¡¡extremity£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡
graduated¡¡with¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡honors¡¡of¡¡his¡¡class¡£¡¡Then¡¡came¡¡a¡¡boyish¡¡
attempt¡¡to¡¡join¡¡the¡¡fortunes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡insurgent¡¡Greeks£»¡¡which¡¡ended¡¡at¡¡
St¡£¡¡Petersburg£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡got¡¡into¡¡difficulties¡¡through¡¡want¡¡of¡¡a¡¡
passport£»¡¡from¡¡which¡¡he¡¡was¡¡rescued¡¡by¡¡the¡¡American¡¡consul¡¡and¡¡sent¡¡
home¡£¡¡He¡¡now¡¡entered¡¡the¡¡military¡¡academy¡¡at¡¡West¡¡Point£»¡¡from¡¡which¡¡
he¡¡obtained¡¡a¡¡dismissal¡¡on¡¡hearing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡birth¡¡of¡¡a¡¡son¡¡to¡¡his¡¡
adopted¡¡father£»¡¡by¡¡a¡¡second¡¡marriage£»¡¡an¡¡event¡¡which¡¡cut¡¡off¡¡his¡¡
expectations¡¡as¡¡an¡¡heir¡£¡¡The¡¡death¡¡of¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Allan£»¡¡in¡¡whose¡¡will¡¡his¡¡
name¡¡was¡¡not¡¡mentioned£»¡¡soon¡¡after¡¡relieved¡¡him¡¡of¡¡all¡¡doubt¡¡in¡¡this¡¡
regard£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡committed¡¡himself¡¡at¡¡once¡¡to¡¡authorship¡¡for¡¡a¡¡support¡£¡¡
Previously¡¡to¡¡this£»¡¡however£»¡¡he¡¡had¡¡published¡¡£¨in¡¡1827£©¡¡a¡¡small¡¡
volume¡¡of¡¡poems£»¡¡which¡¡soon¡¡ran¡¡through¡¡three¡¡editions£»¡¡and¡¡excited¡¡
high¡¡expectations¡¡of¡¡its¡¡author's¡¡future¡¡distinction¡¡in¡¡the¡¡minds¡¡of¡¡
many¡¡competent¡¡judges¡£¡¡

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there¡¡are¡¡instances¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡prove¡£¡¡Shakespeare's¡¡first¡¡poems£»¡¡
though¡¡brimful¡¡of¡¡vigor¡¡and¡¡youth¡¡and¡¡picturesqueness£»¡¡give¡¡but¡¡a¡¡
very¡¡faint¡¡promise¡¡of¡¡the¡¡directness£»¡¡condensation¡¡and¡¡overflowing¡¡
moral¡¡of¡¡his¡¡maturer¡¡works¡£¡¡Perhaps£»¡¡however£»¡¡Shakespeare¡¡is¡¡hardly¡¡a¡¡
case¡¡in¡¡point£»¡¡his¡¡¡¨Venus¡¡and¡¡Adonis¡¨¡¡having¡¡been¡¡published£»¡¡we¡¡
believe£»¡¡in¡¡his¡¡twenty¡­sixth¡¡year¡£¡¡Milton's¡¡Latin¡¡verses¡¡show¡¡
tenderness£»¡¡a¡¡fine¡¡eye¡¡for¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡delicate¡¡appreciation¡¡of¡¡
classic¡¡models£»¡¡but¡¡give¡¡no¡¡hint¡¡of¡¡the¡¡author¡¡of¡¡a¡¡new¡¡style¡¡in¡¡
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later¡¡productions¡£¡¡Collins'¡¡callow¡¡namby¡­pamby¡¡died¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡no¡¡sign¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡vigorous¡¡and¡¡original¡¡genius¡¡which¡¡he¡¡afterward¡¡displayed¡£¡¡We¡¡
have¡¡never¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡the¡¡world¡¡lost¡¡more¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¨marvellous¡¡boy£»¡¨¡¡
Chatterton£»¡¡than¡¡a¡¡very¡¡ingenious¡¡imitator¡¡of

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