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shown that they were useless waste of men and money。 The battleship was 

propelled by rotary engines developing fifty thousand horsepower察driving 

the   ship   at   a   sustained   speed   of   thirty   knots   an   hour。 The   ship   had   four 

propellers察two on each side at the stern察and the boilers were heated by 

petroleum  with automatic feed。 The engineer informed me that they  had 

tried   gasoline   and   other   explosives   for   the   rotary   engines   worked   well 

with them but they endangered the safety of the ship and the lives of the 

crew。 There were only two decks in the ship察the lower deck just above the 

waterline and the gun deck察the lower deck floor was two´inch steel and 

was not divided into compartments察having no partitions察so that if solid 

shot or shell entered the side of the ship it could not scatter a shower of 

steel splinters to kill or wound the men察and for further protection against 

fragments of shell heavy  woolen blankets   were hung   on the   inside   from 

the ceiling。 A double partition of two´inch steel ran bow to stern through 

the center of the ship察reaching from the floor of the hold to the lower deck察

with a space between the partitions of four inches filled in with concrete察

and    the   gun   deck   was   supported     by   heavy    steel  pillars察 as  the   space 

between   the   lower   deck   and   the   gun   deck   was   twelve   feet。 A  fireproof 

platform four feet wide with a railing four feet high of netting察encircled 

the smokestack about twenty feet above the gun and connected with it by a 

rope ladder。 It was the lookout station and the Captain's post in battle from 

where he directed the action。 

     There   was   only   one   smokestack   on   any   battleship   and   no   bridge   or 

superstructure or   any  inflammable   material   above   the   waterline察  and   the 

officers and men eat at the same tables and partake of the same food。 If 

any officer or private objected to it or violated this rule察he was dismissed 

the service察for it was considered injurious to the service on board ship to 

keep any discontented person。 The crew consisted of two hundred privates察

fifty   corporals察   five  sergeants察   ten   lieutenants察  ten   captains察  one   chief 



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engineer       with   two     assistants察   one    lieutenant    commander        and    the 

commander察who was captain of the ship and had the same rank and pay as 

a colonel in the army。 

     The    gunner     and   assistant   gunners    held   the  same    rank   and   pay   as 

captains and lieutenants in the army。 The chief engineer received the same 

as   the   commander       and   took   orders   only   from   him察   and   his  assistants 

received the same pay as majors in the army察and the sergeants察corporals 

and   privates   the    same   pay   as   in   the   army。  The   gunners   and    assistant 

gunners were chosen from among the crew for the best shooting察for it was 

justly   held   that   victory   in   a   naval   battle   rested   mostly   on   the   shooting 

qualities of the man behind the gun。 

     The other battleship was rated first class and her dimensions were as 

follows此Length察six hundred and thirty feet察breadth of beam ninety feet察

draught of water thirty feet。 Armament此sixteen twelve´inch caliber guns in 

single turrets   and placed   in   the   following   manner此  forward on the   lower 

gun deck察five guns察one on the center line of the ship near the bow and 

two on each side further back。 Five guns aft on the lower gun deck察one on 

the center line of the ship near the stern and two on each side in the same 

way as in the first part of the ship。 Three guns forward on the upper gun 

deck察  one   on   the   center   line   of   the   ship   and   one   on   each   side   nearer 

amidships察three guns aft on the upper gun deck in the relative positions。 

All the guns were placed so that twelve guns could be brought to bear on 

an enemy ship。 The lower gun deck was twelve feet above the water line 

and the upper gun deck two察and they were constructed and equipped as 

those on the second class。 

     The first class battleships carried one hundred and two more men than 

the second class察consisting of six gunners察six assistant gunners察eighteen 

corporals   and seventy  privates。  No   additional   force   was   required   for   the 

Engineer   department   of   the   ship。   I   inquired   of   the   Chief   Engineer   what 

make of engine they used and he replied that it was the Hammond & Co。 

Rotary      Engine     and   added此    We     are   indebted    for   this   engine    to   a 

countryman of yours named Leonard Hammond察who perfected it so that 

at present it is in universal use and has revolutionized the industries of the 

world     by   its  saving    of  fuel   and   the   low   price    at  which    it  call  be 



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manufactured察       so   that   it  has  consigned      every    other   make     of   engine察

reciprocal and turbine察to the scrap pile察and of the most notable benefits 

derived from it has been in the shipping not only in economy of fuel察but 

also in the small space they occupy so as to give more room for cargo and 

in the almost   total   absence of   vibration察 and in   the   battleship   from  their 

being on the propeller shaft at the stern far below the water line。; 

     The   battleships   remain   for   ten   months   of   the   year   in   the   rivers   and 

harbors察  where   the   officers   and   men   are   kept   busy   dredging察  building 

levees察wharves and breakwaters察and they take a cruise to different parts 

of the earth during the months of December and January察and during that 

time   engage   in   gunnery   practice。 A  battery   of   three´inch   caliber   guns   is 

taken   on   board   each   battleship   for   that   as   the   big   guns   will   not   stand 

continual      firing  and    are  only    used   on   special   occasions      to  see  if  the 

gunners have improved。 The men are highly pleased with the service and 

the majority of them re´enlist。 On inquiry I was told that they had thirty 

first´class    and    thirty  second´class      battleships    and    that  they   kept    them 

always together so that they could strike an enemy with force察but as they 

held no people in subjection and had no colonies or outlying possessions 

there was at the present time very little danger of war´but if it should come 

they   were   ready   to   fight   and   to   strike   hard。   As   I   left   the   navy   yard   I 

thought what a pity it was that the people inhabiting the other countries of 

the earth were not governed as these people are察for then there would be 

no    need    of  battleships    and   the   kindly   earth    would    slumber     lapped    in 

Universal Laws。 



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                             CHAPTER IX。 



                        DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE。 



     On inquiring at the Department of   Commerce I was informed that   it 

had charge of all vessels engaged in internal traffic as well as in foreign 

trade察  and   operated   lines   of   steamers   running   to   all   ports   of   the   globe察

carrying   freight   at   a   rate   between   home   and   foreign   ports   that   defied 

competition察but they did not carry freight between foreign countries。 The 

men for the Mercantile Marine were furnished by the Army and had the 

same   pay。   They   were   required   to   load   and   unload   cargo   in   every   port 

where they took on or discharged freight察and shippers did not have to pay 

wharfage charges or pilot fees察for everyone took his ship into port and out 

without     a  pilot。  The   department     also  had   charge   of   all  Government 

warehouses察     wharves    and   docks    and  appointed     all  consuls  to  foreign 

countries and received their reports察which were published in the National 

Gazette。 

     The    business   of  the  Department      was   run  on   the  principle   of  the 

greatest good to the whole people察so that whenever the profits any year 

exceeded the expenses and the sinking fund察freight rates were reduced。 



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                                         EURASIA 



                               CHAPTER X。 



                          DEPARTMENT OF RAILWAYS。 



     I went from there to the Department of Railroads and was given a copy 

of   freight   and   passenger   rates   which   on   examination   proved   to   be   very 

sim

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