the iron puddler-µÚ10½Ú
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s¡¡something¡¡in¡¡nature¡¡that¡¡causes¡¡new¡¡growth¡¡to¡¡come¡¡out¡¡of¡¡old¡¡dirt¡¡and¡¡new¡¡worlds¡¡to¡¡be¡¡continually¡¡spawned¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ashes¡¡of¡¡old¡¡played¡out¡¡suns¡¡and¡¡stars¡£¡¡When¡¡nature¡¡ceases¡¡to¡¡mold¡¡new¡¡worlds¡¡from¡¡the¡¡past¡¡decay£»¡¡the¡¡universe¡¡will¡¡wither£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡man¡¡loses¡¡the¡¡urge¡¡to¡¡build¡¡and¡¡goes¡¡to¡¡tearing¡¡down£»¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡his¡¡story¡¡is¡¡at¡¡hand¡£
A¡¡tired¡¡Thomas¡¡whose¡¡wife¡¡supported¡¡him¡¡by¡¡running¡¡a¡¡rooming¡¡house¡¡once¡¡asked¡¡me£º
¡¨How¡¡many¡¡do¡¡you¡¡'spose¡¡there¡¡are¡¡in¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡that¡¡don't¡¡have¡¡to¡¡work£¿¡¨
¡¨None£»¡¨¡¡I¡¡replied£»¡¡¡¨except¡¡invalids¡¡and¡¡cripples¡£¡¡Every¡¡healthy¡¡man¡¡in¡¡this¡¡country¡¡has¡¡to¡¡work¡¡just¡¡the¡¡same¡¡as¡¡he¡¡has¡¡to¡¡breathe¡£¡¡If¡¡you¡¡don't¡¡want¡¡to¡¡work¡¡it¡¡is¡¡because¡¡you're¡¡sick¡£¡¡I'm¡¡a¡¡well¡¡man£»¡¡and¡¡I've¡¡got¡¡to¡¡be¡¡working¡¡all¡¡the¡¡time¡¡or¡¡I'd¡¡go¡¡crazy¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡no¡¡more¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡be¡¡idle¡¡like¡¡you¡¡than¡¡I¡¡have¡¡a¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡wear¡¡women's¡¡clothes¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡contrary¡¡to¡¡normal¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡that's¡¡why¡¡I¡¡say¡¡that¡¡any¡¡man¡¡that¡¡gets¡¡that¡¡way¡¡is¡¡a¡¡sick¡¡man¡£¡¨
The¡¡fellow¡¡was¡¡a¡¡¡¨free¡¡thinker£»¡¨¡¡as¡¡he¡¡called¡¡himself¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡too¡¡lazy¡¡to¡¡shave¡¡and¡¡his¡¡beard¡¡was¡¡always¡¡about¡¡two¡¡weeks¡¡ahead¡¡of¡¡him¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡working¡¡out¡¡a¡¡plan¡¡for¡¡communism¡¡in¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¡He¡¡believed¡¡that¡¡enough¡¡work¡¡had¡¡now¡¡been¡¡done¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡the¡¡race¡¡forever¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡just¡¡a¡¡question¡¡of¡¡so¡¡evenly¡¡dividing¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡that¡¡all¡¡men¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡a¡¡few¡¡could¡¡loaf¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡their¡¡years¡£
He¡¡had¡¡such¡¡a¡¡tired¡¡feeling¡¡that¡¡he¡¡didn't¡¡have¡¡the¡¡ambition¡¡of¡¡an¡¡oyster¡£¡¡He¡¡didn't¡¡have¡¡enough¡¡energy¡¡to¡¡realize¡¡he¡¡was¡¡all¡¡in¡£¡¡He¡¡took¡¡it¡¡for¡¡granted¡¡that¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡race¡¡was¡¡as¡¡tired¡¡as¡¡he¡¡was¡£
He¡¡thought¡¡he¡¡needed¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Utopias¡¡they¡¡talk¡¡so¡¡much¡¡about¡£¡¡What¡¡he¡¡needed¡¡was¡¡a¡¡dose¡¡of¡¡castor¡oil¡£¡¡I¡¡never¡¡knew¡¡a¡¡communist¡¡in¡¡my¡¡life¡¡that¡¡was¡¡a¡¡well¡¡man¡£
CHAPTER¡¡XIV
BOILING¡¡DOWN¡¡THE¡¡PIGS
An¡¡iron¡¡puddler¡¡is¡¡a¡¡¡¨pig¡¡boiler¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡pig¡¡boiling¡¡must¡¡be¡¡done¡¡at¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡temperature¡¡£¨the¡¡pig¡¡is¡¡iron£©¡¡just¡¡as¡¡a¡¡farmer¡¡butchering¡¡hogs¡¡must¡¡scald¡¡the¡¡carcasses¡¡at¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡temperature¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡farmer's¡¡water¡¡is¡¡too¡¡hot¡¡it¡¡will¡¡set¡¡the¡¡hair£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡fix¡¡the¡¡bristles¡¡so¡¡they¡¡will¡¡never¡¡come¡¡out£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡water¡¡is¡¡not¡¡hot¡¡enough¡¡it¡¡will¡¡fail¡¡to¡¡loosen¡¡the¡¡bristles¡£¡¡So¡¡the¡¡farmer¡¡has¡¡to¡¡be¡¡an¡¡expert£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡the¡¡water¡¡in¡¡his¡¡barrel¡¡is¡¡just¡¡hot¡¡enough£»¡¡he¡¡souses¡¡the¡¡porker¡¡in¡¡it£»¡¡holding¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hot¡¡bath¡¡the¡¡right¡¡length¡¡of¡¡time£»¡¡then¡¡pulling¡¡it¡¡out¡¡and¡¡scraping¡¡off¡¡the¡¡hair¡£¡¡Farmers¡¡learned¡¡this¡¡art¡¡by¡¡experience¡¡long¡¡before¡¡the¡¡days¡¡of¡¡book¡¡farming¡£
And¡¡so¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡¡¨pig¡¡boiler¡¨¡¡ages¡¡ago¡¡learned¡¡by¡¡experience¡¡how¡¡to¡¡make¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡¡¨heat¡¨¡¡to¡¡boil¡¡the¡¡impurities¡¡out¡¡of¡¡pig¡¡¡iron£»¡¡or¡¡forge¡¡iron£»¡¡and¡¡change¡¡it¡¡into¡¡that¡¡finer¡¡product£»¡¡wrought¡¡iron¡£¡¡Pig¡iron¡¡contains¡¡silicon£»¡¡sulphur¡¡and¡¡phosphorus£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡impurities¡¡make¡¡it¡¡brittle¡¡so¡¡that¡¡a¡¡cast¡¡iron¡¡teakettle¡¡will¡¡break¡¡at¡¡a¡¡blow£»¡¡like¡¡a¡¡china¡¡cup¡£¡¡Armor¡¡of¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡no¡¡good¡¡for¡¡our¡¡iron¡clad¡¡ancestors¡£¡¡When¡¡a¡¡knight¡¡in¡¡iron¡¡clothes¡¡tried¡¡to¡¡whip¡¡a¡¡leather¡clad¡¡peasant£»¡¡the¡¡peasant¡¡could¡¡have¡¡cracked¡¡him¡¡with¡¡a¡¡stone¡¡and¡¡his¡¡clothes¡¡would¡¡have¡¡fallen¡¡off¡¡like¡¡plaster¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ceiling¡£¡¡So¡¡those¡¡early¡¡iron¡¡workers¡¡learned¡¡to¡¡puddle¡¡forge¡¡iron¡¡and¡¡make¡¡it¡¡into¡¡wrought¡¡iron¡¡which¡¡is¡¡tough¡¡and¡¡leathery¡¡and¡¡can¡¡not¡¡be¡¡broken¡¡by¡¡a¡¡blow¡£¡¡This¡¡process¡¡was¡¡handed¡¡down¡¡from¡¡father¡¡to¡¡son£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡time¡¡came¡¡to¡¡my¡¡father¡¡and¡¡so¡¡to¡¡me¡£¡¡None¡¡of¡¡us¡¡ever¡¡went¡¡to¡¡school¡¡and¡¡learned¡¡the¡¡chemistry¡¡of¡¡it¡¡from¡¡books¡£¡¡We¡¡learned¡¡the¡¡trick¡¡by¡¡doing¡¡it£»¡¡standing¡¡with¡¡our¡¡faces¡¡in¡¡the¡¡scorching¡¡heat¡¡while¡¡our¡¡hands¡¡puddled¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡in¡¡its¡¡glaring¡¡bath¡£
And¡¡that¡¡is¡¡the¡¡way¡¡the¡¡farmer's¡¡son¡¡has¡¡learned¡¡hog¡¡scalding¡¡from¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡our¡¡ancient¡¡fathers¡¡got¡¡tired¡¡of¡¡eating¡¡bristles¡¡and¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡take¡¡their¡¡pork¡¡clean¡¡shaven¡£¡¡To¡day¡¡there¡¡are¡¡books¡¡telling¡¡just¡¡how¡¡many¡¡degrees¡¡of¡¡heat¡¡make¡¡the¡¡water¡¡right¡¡for¡¡scalding¡¡hogs£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡metallurgists¡¡have¡¡written¡¡down¡¡the¡¡chemical¡¡formula¡¡for¡¡puddling¡¡iron¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡man¡¡who¡¡learns¡¡it¡¡from¡¡a¡¡book¡¡can¡¡not¡¡do¡¡it¡£¡¡The¡¡mental¡¡knowledge¡¡is¡¡not¡¡enough£»¡¡it¡¡requires¡¡great¡¡muscular¡¡skill¡¡like¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heavyweight¡¡wrestler£»¡¡besides¡¡great¡¡physical¡¡endurance¡¡to¡¡withstand¡¡the¡¡terrific¡¡heat¡£¡¡The¡¡worker's¡¡body¡¡is¡¡in¡¡perfect¡¡physical¡¡shape¡¡and¡¡the¡¡work¡¡does¡¡not¡¡injure¡¡him¡¡but¡¡only¡¡exhilarates¡¡him¡£¡¡No¡¡iron¡¡worker¡¡can¡¡be¡¡a¡¡communist£»¡¡for¡¡communists¡¡all¡¡have¡¡inferior¡¡bodies¡£¡¡The¡¡iron¡¡worker¡¡knows¡¡that¡¡his¡¡body¡¡is¡¡superior£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡sour¡¡philosophy¡¡could¡¡stay¡¡in¡¡him£»¡¡because¡¡he¡¡would¡¡sweat¡¡it¡¡out¡¡of¡¡his¡¡pores¡¡as¡¡he¡¡sweats¡¡out¡¡all¡¡other¡¡poisons¡£
The¡¡old¡¡man¡¡that¡¡I¡¡worked¡¡with¡¡when¡¡I¡¡first¡¡entered¡¡the¡¡rolling¡¡mill¡¡was¡¡gray¡¡with¡¡his¡¡sixty¡¡years¡¡of¡¡toil¡£¡¡Yet¡¡his¡¡eye¡¡was¡¡clear¡¡and¡¡his¡¡back¡¡was¡¡straight¡¡and¡¡when¡¡he¡¡went¡¡to¡¡the¡¡table¡¡he¡¡ate¡¡like¡¡a¡¡sixteen¡year¡old¡¡and¡¡his¡¡sleep¡¡was¡¡dreamless¡£¡¡A¡¡man¡¡so¡¡old¡¡must¡¡conserve¡¡his¡¡strength£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡made¡¡use¡¡of¡¡his¡¡husky¡¡helper¡¡whenever¡¡he¡¡could¡¡to¡¡save¡¡his¡¡own¡¡muscles¡¡and¡¡lengthen¡¡his¡¡endurance¡£¡¡My¡¡business¡¡was¡¡to¡¡do¡¡the¡¡little¡¡chores¡¡and¡¡save¡¡time¡¡for¡¡the¡¡helper¡£¡¡I¡¡teased¡¡up¡¡the¡¡furnace£»¡¡I¡¡leveled¡¡the¡¡fire£»¡¡I¡¡dished¡¡the¡¡cinders¡¡in¡¡to¡¡thicken¡¡the¡¡heat£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡watched¡¡the¡¡cobbles¡£¡¡During¡¡the¡¡melting¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pig¡iron¡¡the¡¡furnace¡¡had¡¡to¡¡be¡¡kept¡¡as¡¡hot¡¡as¡¡coal¡¡could¡¡make¡¡it¡£
Before¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡coal¡¡was¡¡discovered£»¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡iron¡¡makers¡¡used¡¡charcoal¡£¡¡So¡¡iron¡¡could¡¡only¡¡be¡¡made¡¡where¡¡there¡¡were¡¡forests¡¡to¡¡give¡¡fuel¡£¡¡Even¡¡as¡¡late¡¡as¡¡1840¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡smelters¡¡in¡¡Pennsylvania¡¡were¡¡using¡¡wood¡¡in¡¡their¡¡furnaces¡£¡¡Our¡¡forefathers¡¡did¡¡not¡¡know¡¡that¡¡coal¡¡would¡¡burn¡£¡¡And¡¡yet¡¡here¡¡lay¡¡the¡¡coal£»¡¡the¡¡ore¡¡and¡¡the¡¡limestone¡¡side¡¡by¡¡side£»¡¡which¡¡meant¡¡that¡¡Pittsburgh¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡capital¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡But¡¡Americans¡¡will¡¡not¡¡long¡¡sleep¡¡in¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡such¡¡an¡¡opportunity¡£¡¡Other¡¡races¡¡will¡£¡¡The¡¡Chinese¡¡have¡¡slumbered¡¡for¡¡five¡¡thousand¡¡years¡¡above¡¡a¡¡treasure¡¡trove¡¡of¡¡oil£»¡¡coal¡¡and¡¡iron¡£¡¡They¡¡never¡¡discovered¡¡its¡¡uses¡£¡¡Instead¡¡of¡¡oil¡¡they¡¡lit¡¡themselves¡¡to¡¡bed¡¡with¡¡mutton¡¡tallow¡£¡¡Instead¡¡of¡¡burning¡¡coal¡¡they¡¡put¡¡on¡¡two¡¡pairs¡¡of¡¡pants¡¡when¡¡winter¡¡came¡£¡¡In¡¡place¡¡of¡¡steel¡¡plows¡¡drawn¡¡by¡¡oil¡burning¡¡tractors¡¡they¡¡scratched¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡with¡¡a¡¡wooden¡¡stick£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡the¡¡crop¡¡failed¡¡they¡¡starved¡¡to¡¡death¡¡by¡¡millions¡£¡¡With¡¡our¡¡steel¡¡ships¡¡we¡¡send¡¡bread¡¡to¡¡China¡¡to¡¡save¡¡them¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡had¡¡the¡¡wit¡¡to¡¡use¡¡their¡¡resources¡¡they¡¡could¡¡save¡¡themselves¡£¡¡In¡¡man's¡¡fight¡¡against¡¡the¡¡hostile¡¡forces¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡his¡¡safety¡¡lies¡¡in¡¡applying¡¡his¡¡wit¡¡to¡¡the¡¡resources¡¡that¡¡nature¡¡gave¡¡him¡£¡¡The¡¡Americans¡¡can¡¡do¡¡that¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡others¡¡that¡¡can¡¡not¡£
I¡¡was¡¡riding¡¡on¡¡a¡¡train¡¡in¡¡Indiana¡¡when¡¡a¡¡gypsy¡looking¡¡youth¡¡came¡¡in¡¡and¡¡sat¡¡beside¡¡me¡£¡¡His¡¡hair¡¡was¡¡black£»¡¡his¡¡skin¡¡was¡¡yellow¡¡and¡¡he¡¡was¡¡dressed¡¡in¡¡flashy¡¡American¡¡clothes¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡a¡¡cock¡sure¡¡air¡¡about¡¡him¡¡that¡¡attracted¡¡my¡¡attention¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡seldom¡¡seen¡¡a¡¡young¡¡man¡¡more¡¡pleased¡¡with¡¡himself¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡entirely¡¡too¡¡cocky¡¡for¡¡me¡£¡¡He¡¡began¡¡talking¡£¡¡He¡¡said¡¡he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Syrian¡¡and¡¡was¡¡worth¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡dollars¡£¡¡Soon¡¡he¡¡would¡¡be¡¡worth¡¡a¡¡million£»¡¡he¡¡said¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡already¡¡putting¡¡on¡¡his¡¡million¡dollar¡¡airs¡£
¡¨While¡¡selling¡¡bananas¡¡and¡¡ginger¡¡pop£»¡¡he¡¡told¡¡me£»¡¡¡¨I¡¡made¡¡some¡¡money¡¡and¡¡learned¡¡the¡¡American¡¡ways¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡a¡¡brother¡¡in¡¡South¡¡Bend¡¡who¡¡has¡¡made¡¡some¡¡money¡¡shining¡¡shoes¡£¡¡I¡¡am¡¡going¡¡to¡¡get¡¡my¡¡brother¡¡and¡¡we¡¡will¡¡go¡¡back¡¡to¡¡the¡¡old¡¡home¡¡in¡¡Asia¡¡Minor¡£¡¡The¡¡hills¡¡where¡¡we¡¡were¡¡born¡¡are¡¡full¡¡of¡¡coal¡£¡¡The¡¡people¡¡call¡¡it¡¡black¡¡stone¡£¡¡They¡¡do¡¡not¡¡know¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will¡¡burn¡£¡¡We¡¡will¡¡go¡¡back¡¡there¡¡with¡¡our¡¡American¡¡knowledge¡¡and¡¡set¡¡the¡¡world¡¡on¡¡fire¡£¡¨
There¡¡is¡¡a¡¡people¡¡who¡¡have¡¡been¡¡kicking¡¡coal¡¡around¡¡for¡¡five¡¡thousand¡¡years¡¡and¡¡have¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡learned¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will¡¡burn¡£¡¡Those¡¡hills¡¡produced¡¡gypsies¡¡who¡¡travel¡¡around¡¡cheating£»¡¡dickering¡¡and¡¡selling¡¡gewgaws¡¡that¡¡are¡¡worth¡¡nothing¡£¡¡They¡¡come¡¡among¡¡a¡¡people¡¡who¡¡have¡¡used¡¡their¡¡heads¡£¡¡From¡¡these¡¡people¡¡they¡¡learned¡¡to¡¡heat¡¡a¡¡banana¡¡stand¡¡with¡¡a¡¡little¡¡coal¡¡stove¡£¡¡Having¡¡mastered¡¡that¡¡coal¡stove¡¡principle£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡going¡¡back¡¡to¡¡their¡¡native¡¡hills¡¡with¡¡black¡¡magic¡¡up¡¡their¡¡sleeves¡£
¡¨What¡¡a¡¡superior¡¡man¡¡am¡¡I£»¡¨¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡young¡¡tribesman¡¡swollen¡¡with¡¡vanity£»¡¡although¡¡he¡¡had¡¡done¡¡nothing¡£
This¡¡taught¡¡me¡¡that¡¡some¡¡of¡¡these¡¡thick¡headed¡¡tribes¡¡can¡¡be¡¡all¡¡swelled¡¡up¡¡with¡¡pride¡¡when¡¡they¡¡have¡¡little¡¡to¡¡be¡¡proud¡¡of¡£
CHAPTER¡¡XV
THE¡¡IRON¡¡BISCUITS
In¡¡the¡¡Sharon¡¡town¡¡band¡¡I¡¡played¡¡the¡¡clarinet¡¡from¡¡the¡¡time¡¡I¡¡was¡¡thirteen¡¡until¡¡I¡¡left¡¡that¡¡town¡¡several¡¡years¡¡later¡¡to¡¡chase¡¡the¡¡fireflies¡¡of¡¡vanishing¡¡jobs¡¡that¡¡marked¡¡the¡¡last¡¡administration¡¡of¡¡Cleveland¡£¡¡A¡¡bands¡man¡¡at¡¡thirteen£»¡¡I¡¡became¡¡a¡¡master¡¡puddler¡¡at¡¡sixteen¡£¡¡At¡¡that¡¡time¡¡there¡¡were¡¡but¡¡five¡¡boys¡¡of¡¡that¡¡age¡¡who¡¡had¡¡become¡¡full¡fledged¡¡puddlers¡£¡¡Of¡¡these¡¡young¡¡iron¡¡workers£»¡¡I¡¡suppose¡¡there¡¡were¡¡few¡¡that¡¡¡¨doubled¡¡in¡¡brass¡£¡¨¡¡But¡¡why¡¡should¡¡not¡¡an¡¡iron¡¡worker¡¡be¡¡a¡¡musician£¿¡¡The¡¡anvil£»¡¡symbol¡¡of¡¡his¡¡trade£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡musical¡¡instrument¡¡and¡¡is¡¡heard¡¡in¡¡the¡¡anvil¡¡chorus¡¡from¡¡Trovatore¡£¡¡In¡¡our¡¡rolling¡¡mill¡¡we¡¡did¡¡not¡¡have¡¡an¡¡anvil¡¡on¡¡which¡¡the¡¡¡¨bloom¡¨¡¡was¡¡beaten¡¡by¡¡a¡¡trip¡hammer¡¡as¡¡is¡¡done¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Old¡¡Country¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¨squeezer¡¨¡¡which¡¡combines¡¡the¡¡functions¡¡of¡¡hammer¡¡and¡¡anvil¡¡did¡¡the¡¡work¡¡instead¡£
When¡¡I¡¡became¡¡my¡¡father's¡¡helper¡¡he¡¡began¡¡teaching¡¡me¡¡to¡¡handle¡¡the¡¡machinery¡¡of¡¡the¡¡trade¡£¡¡The¡¡puddling¡¡furnace¡¡has¡¡a¡¡working¡¡door¡¡on¡¡a¡¡level¡¡with¡¡a¡¡man's¡¡stomach¡£¡¡Working¡¡door¡¡is¡¡a¡¡trade¡¡name¡£¡¡Out¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡all¡¡doors¡¡are¡¡working£»¡¡if¡¡they¡¡don't¡¡work¡¡they¡¡aren't¡¡doors¡¡£¨except¡¡cellar¡¡doors£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡nailed¡¡down¡¡under¡¡the¡¡Volstead¡¡Act£©¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡working¡¡door¡¡of¡¡a¡¡puddling¡¡furnace¡¡is¡¡the¡¡door¡¡through¡¡