Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the mastery of the air(²Ù×Ý¿ÕÆø) >

µÚ36½Ú

the mastery of the air(²Ù×Ý¿ÕÆø)-µÚ36½Ú

С˵£º the mastery of the air(²Ù×Ý¿ÕÆø) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




the¡¡¡¡¡¡engine£»¡¡¡¡¡¡pilot¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡passengers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡petrol£»¡¡¡¡¡¡aeronautical¡¡¡¡¡¡instruments£»¡¡

and¡¡planes£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡is¡¡built¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡manner¡¡that¡¡when¡¡the¡¡

engine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡stops£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡nose¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡machine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡turned¡¡¡¡¡¡downwards£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

aeroplane¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡accord¡¡takes¡¡up¡¡its¡¡gliding¡¡angle¡¡and¡¡glides¡¡to¡¡earth¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Gliding¡¡angles¡¡vary¡¡in¡¡different¡¡machines¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡angle¡¡is¡¡one¡¡in¡¡twelve£»¡¡

this¡¡would¡¡mean¡¡that¡¡if¡¡the¡¡glide¡¡wave¡¡commenced¡¡at¡¡a¡¡height¡¡of¡¡1¡¡mile£»¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡continued¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡straight¡¡¡¡¡¡line£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡pilot¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡earth¡¡¡¡¡¡12¡¡¡¡¡¡miles¡¡

distant¡£¡¡We¡¡are¡¡all¡¡familiar¡¡with¡¡the¡¡gradients¡¡shown¡¡on¡¡railways¡£¡¡There¡¡we¡¡

see¡¡¡¡¡¡displayed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡short¡¡¡¡¡¡sign¡­posts¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡notices¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨1¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡50¡¨£»¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

opposite¡¡¡¡¡¡arms¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡post¡¡¡¡pointing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡upwards¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡downwards¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

course£»¡¡means¡¡that¡¡the¡¡slope¡¡of¡¡the¡¡railway¡¡at¡¡that¡¡particular¡¡place¡¡is¡¡1¡¡foot¡¡

in¡¡a¡¡distance¡¡of¡¡50¡¡feet¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡One¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡twelve¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡described¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡¡¡¡¡gradient¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

machine¡¡¡¡¡¡automatically¡¡¡¡¡¡makes¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡engine¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡cut¡¡¡¡¡¡off¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

evident¡¡why¡¡it¡¡is¡¡safer¡¡for¡¡a¡¡pilot¡¡to¡¡fly£»¡¡say£»¡¡at¡¡four¡¡or¡¡five¡¡thousand¡¡feet¡¡

high¡¡than¡¡just¡¡over¡¡the¡¡tree¡­tops¡¡or¡¡the¡¡chimney¡­pots¡¡of¡¡towns¡£¡¡Suppose£»¡¡

for¡¡example£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡machine¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡gliding¡¡angle¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡one¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡twelve£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡

when¡¡at¡¡an¡¡altitude¡¡of¡¡about¡¡a¡¡mile¡¡the¡¡engine¡¡should¡¡stop¡£¡¡We¡¡will¡¡assume¡¡

that¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stoppage¡¡the¡¡pilot¡¡is¡¡over¡¡a¡¡forest¡¡where¡¡it¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡145¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡146¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡MASTERY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡AIR¡¡



impossible¡¡to¡¡land¡£¡¡Directly¡¡the¡¡engine¡¡stopped¡¡he¡¡would¡¡change¡¡the¡¡angle¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡elevating¡¡plane£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡naturally¡¡fall¡¡into¡¡its¡¡

gliding¡¡¡¡¡¡angle¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡craft¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡once¡¡¡¡¡¡settle¡¡¡¡¡¡itself¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡forward¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

slightly¡¡downward¡¡glide£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡airman£»¡¡from¡¡his¡¡point¡¡of¡¡vantage£»¡¡would¡¡

be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡see¡¡the¡¡extent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡forest¡£¡¡We¡¡will¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡is¡¡

gliding¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡northerly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡direction£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡almost¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡

unfavourable¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡landing¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡forest¡¡¡¡¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡fact£»¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡

imagine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡extreme¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡case£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡airman¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡quite¡¡

unsuitable¡¡for¡¡landing¡¡except¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡south£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡exactly¡¡opposite¡¡to¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡direction¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡starts¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡glide¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Fortunately£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡reason¡¡

why¡¡he¡¡should¡¡not¡¡steer¡¡his¡¡machine¡¡right¡¡round¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air£»¡¡even¡¡though¡¡the¡¡

only¡¡power¡¡is¡¡that¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡the¡¡force¡¡of¡¡gravity¡£¡¡His¡¡descent¡¡would¡¡be¡¡

in¡¡an¡¡immense¡¡slope£»¡¡extending¡¡10¡¡or¡¡12¡¡miles¡¡from¡¡the¡¡place¡¡where¡¡the¡¡

engine¡¡stopped¡¡working¡£¡¡He¡¡would¡¡therefore¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡choose¡¡a¡¡suitable¡¡

landing¡­place¡¡and¡¡reach¡¡earth¡¡quite¡¡safely¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡supposing¡¡the¡¡airman¡¡to¡¡be¡¡flying¡¡about¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡yards¡¡above¡¡the¡¡

forest¡­an¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡occurrence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡likely¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡happen¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡skilled¡¡¡¡airman£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡

would¡¡probably¡¡take¡¡an¡¡altitude¡¡of¡¡nearly¡¡a¡¡mile¡£¡¡Almost¡¡before¡¡he¡¡could¡¡

have¡¡time¡¡to¡¡alter¡¡his¡¡elevating¡¡plane£»¡¡and¡¡certainly¡¡long¡¡before¡¡he¡¡could¡¡

reach¡¡open¡¡ground£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡be¡¡on¡¡the¡¡tree¡­tops¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡near¡¡future¡¡air¡­craft¡¡will£»¡¡be¡¡fitted¡¡with¡¡two¡¡or¡¡

more¡¡motors£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡when¡¡one¡¡fails¡¡the¡¡other¡¡will¡¡keep¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡on¡¡its¡¡

course¡£¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡necessary¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Zeppelin¡¡¡¡¡¡air¡­ships¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡early¡¡

Zeppelin¡¡model£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡provided¡¡with¡¡one¡¡engine¡¡only£»¡¡the¡¡insufficient¡¡

power¡¡caused¡¡the¡¡pilot¡¡to¡¡descend¡¡on¡¡unfavourable¡¡ground£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡vessel¡¡

was¡¡wrecked¡£¡¡More¡¡recent¡¡types¡¡of¡¡Zeppelins¡¡are¡¡fitted¡¡with¡¡three¡¡or¡¡four¡¡

engines¡£¡¡Experiments¡¡have¡¡already¡¡been¡¡made¡¡with¡¡the¡¡dual¡­engine¡¡plant¡¡

for¡¡aeroplanes£»¡¡notably¡¡by¡¡Messrs¡£¡¡Short¡¡Brothers£»¡¡of¡¡Rochester£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡

tests¡¡have¡¡given¡¡every¡¡satisfaction¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡large¡¡¡¡¡¡passenger¡¡¡¡¡¡aeroplane¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡

possible£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡parliamentary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡powers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡obtained¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

formation¡¡of¡¡companies¡¡for¡¡passenger¡¡traffic¡¡by¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡made¡¡

compulsory¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡fit¡¡¡¡¡¡machines¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡engines£»¡¡¡¡¡¡driving¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡

four¡¡distinct¡¡propellers¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡engines¡¡would¡¡possibly¡¡be¡¡of¡¡inferior¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡146¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡147¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡MASTERY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡AIR¡¡



power£»¡¡and¡¡used¡¡only¡¡in¡¡cases¡¡of¡¡emergency¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Still¡¡another¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡accident£»¡¡which¡¡in¡¡some¡¡cases¡¡has¡¡proved¡¡fatal£»¡¡

is¡¡the¡¡taking¡¡of¡¡unnecessary¡¡risks¡¡when¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£¡¡This¡¡has¡¡happened¡¡more¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡America¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡France¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Great¡¡¡¡¡¡Britain¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡An¡¡¡¡¡¡airman¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡

performed¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡difficult¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡daring¡¡¡¡¡¡feat¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡flying¡¡¡¡¡¡exhibition¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

the¡¡papers¡¡belauded¡¡his¡¡courage¡£¡¡A¡¡rival¡¡airman£»¡¡not¡¡wishing¡¡to¡¡be¡¡outdone¡¡

in¡¡skill¡¡or¡¡courage£»¡¡immediately¡¡tries¡¡either¡¡to¡¡repeat¡¡the¡¡performance¡¡or¡¡to¡¡

perform¡¡an¡¡even¡¡more¡¡difficult¡¡evolution¡£¡¡The¡¡result¡¡may¡¡very¡¡well¡¡end¡¡in¡¡

disaster£»¡¡and¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡FAMOUS¡¡AIRMAN¡¡KILLED¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡seen¡¡on¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡newspaper¡¡bills¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡daring¡¡of¡¡some¡¡of¡¡our¡¡professional¡¡airmen¡¡is¡¡notorious¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡

one¡¡particular¡¡pilot£»¡¡whose¡¡name¡¡is¡¡frequently¡¡before¡¡us£»¡¡whom¡¡I¡¡have¡¡in¡¡

mind¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡writing¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡chapter¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡On¡¡¡¡¡¡several¡¡¡¡¡¡occasions¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡seen¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡

flying¡¡over¡¡densely¡­packed¡¡crowds£»¡¡at¡¡a¡¡height¡¡of¡¡about¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡feet¡¡

or¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡slightest¡¡¡¡¡¡warning¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡sharp¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

almost¡¡vertical¡¡dive¡£¡¡The¡¡spectators£»¡¡thinking¡¡that¡¡something¡¡very¡¡serious¡¡

had¡¡happened£»¡¡would¡¡scatter¡¡in¡¡all¡¡directions£»¡¡only¡¡to¡¡see¡¡the¡¡pilot¡¡right¡¡his¡¡

machine¡¡and¡¡jokingly¡¡wave¡¡his¡¡hand¡¡to¡¡them¡£¡¡One¡¡trembles¡¡to¡¡think¡¡what¡¡

would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡result¡¡if¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡had¡¡crashed¡¡to¡¡earth£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡might¡¡

very¡¡easily¡¡have¡¡done¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡interesting¡¡to¡¡relate¡¡that¡¡the¡¡risks¡¡taken¡¡by¡¡this¡¡

pilot£»¡¡both¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡spectators¡¡and¡¡himself£»¡¡formed¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡

comment£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡future£»¡¡¡¡¡¡flying¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡spectators'¡¡¡¡¡¡heads¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡

strictly¡¡forbidden¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡From¡¡¡¡¡¡1909¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡1913¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡130¡¡¡¡¡¡airmen¡¡¡¡¡¡lost¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡lives¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Germany£»¡¡

France£»¡¡America£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Isles£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡this¡¡number¡¡the¡¡British¡¡loss¡¡

was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡thirty¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡forty¡£¡¡¡¡Strange¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡say£»¡¡¡¡nearly¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡German¡¡

fatalities¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡place¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡air¡­ships£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡years¡¡

considered¡¡much¡¡safer¡¡than¡¡the¡¡heavier¡­than¡­air¡¡machine¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡147¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡148¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡MASTERY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡AIR¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡XLVIII¡¡Some¡¡Technical¡¡Terms¡¡used¡¡by¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Aviators¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Though¡¡this¡¡book¡¡cannot¡¡pretend¡¡to¡¡go¡¡deeply¡¡into¡¡the¡¡technical¡¡side¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡aviation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡terms¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡expressions¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡everyday¡¡¡¡¡¡use¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

aviators¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡well¡¡to¡¡know¡¡and¡¡understand¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡First£»¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡machines¡¡themselves¡£¡¡You¡¡are¡¡now¡¡able¡¡to¡¡distinguish¡¡a¡¡

monoplane¡¡from¡¡a¡¡biplane£»¡¡and¡¡you¡¡have¡¡been¡¡told¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡

a¡¡TRACTOR¡¡biplane¡¡and¡¡a¡¡PROPELLER¡¡biplane¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡former¡¡type¡¡the¡¡

screw¡¡is¡¡in¡¡front¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pilot£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡it¡¡is¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pilot's¡¡seat¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Reference¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡previously¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡FUSELAGE£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SKIDS£»¡¡

AILERONS£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡WARPING¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CONTROLS£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ELEVATING¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PLANES£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

RUDDER¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡various¡¡¡¡¡¡forms¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡air¡­craft¡£¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡spoken¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

GLIDING¡¡ANGLE¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡machine¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Frequently¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡pilot¡¡¡¡¡¡makes¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡machine¡¡

dive¡¡at¡¡a¡¡much¡¡steeper¡¡gradient¡¡than¡¡is¡¡given¡¡by¡¡its¡¡natural¡¡gliding¡¡angle¡£¡¡

When¡¡the¡¡fall¡¡is¡¡about¡¡one¡¡in¡¡six¡¡the¡¡glide¡¡is¡¡known¡¡as¡¡a¡¡VOL¡¡PLANE£»¡¡if¡¡

the¡¡descent¡¡is¡¡made¡¡almost¡¡vertically¡¡it¡¡is¡¡called¡¡a¡¡VOL¡¡PIQUE¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡some¡¡cases¡¡a¡¡PANCAKE¡¡descent¡¡is¡¡made¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡caused¡¡by¡¡such¡¡a¡¡

decrease¡¡of¡¡speed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡though¡¡still¡¡moving¡¡forward£»¡¡begins¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡drop¡¡¡¡¡¡downwards¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pilot¡¡¡¡¡¡finds¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡taking¡¡¡¡¡¡place£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡

points¡¡the¡¡nose¡¡of¡¡his¡¡machine¡¡at¡¡a¡¡much¡¡steeper¡¡angle£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡reaches¡¡his¡¡

normal¡¡flying¡¡¡¡¡¡speed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡able¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡effect¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡safe¡¡¡¡¡¡landing¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡too¡¡

near¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡earth¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡able¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡sharp¡¡¡¡¡¡dive£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

probability¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡aeroplane¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡down¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡flat£»¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

possibility¡¡of¡¡a¡¡damaged¡¡chassis¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡considered¡¡faulty¡¡piloting¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡

pancake¡¡descent¡¡where¡¡there¡¡is¡¡ample¡¡landing¡¡space£»¡¡in¡¡certain¡¡restricted¡¡

areas£»¡¡however£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡land¡¡in¡¡this¡¡way¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡far¡¡more¡¡dangerous¡¡occurrence¡¡is¡¡the¡¡SIDE¡­SLIP¡£¡¡Watch¡¡a¡¡pilot¡¡vol¡­¡¡

planing¡¡to¡¡earth¡¡from¡¡a¡¡great¡¡height¡¡with¡¡his¡¡engine¡¡shut¡¡off¡£¡¡The¡¡propeller¡¡

rotates¡¡in¡¡an¡¡irregular¡¡manner£»¡¡sometimes¡¡stopping¡¡al

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ