art of war-第9节
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known to fame in the 5th century。
35。 From TSO CHUAN： 〃From the date of King Chao's accession
＇515＇ there was no year in which Ch‘u was not attacked by Wu。〃
36。 Preface ad fin： 〃My family comes from Lo…an； and we are
really descended from Sun Tzu。 I am ashamed to say that I only
read my ancestor's work from a literary point of view； without
comprehending the military technique。 So long have we been
enjoying the blessings of peace！〃
37。 Hoa…yin is about 14 miles from T‘ung…kuan on the eastern
border of Shensi。 The temple in question is still visited by
those about the ascent of the Western Sacred Mountain。 It is
mentioned in a text as being 〃situated five LI east of the
district city of Hua…yin。 The temple contains the Hua…shan
tablet inscribed by the T‘ang Emperor Hsuan Tsung ＇713…755＇。〃
38。 See my 〃Catalogue of Chinese Books〃 （Luzac & Co。； 1908）； no。
40。
39。 This is a discussion of 29 difficult passages in Sun Tzu。
40。 Cf。 Catalogue of the library of Fan family at Ningpo： 〃His
commentary is frequently obscure； it furnishes a clue； but does
not fully develop the meaning。〃
41。 WEN HSIEN T‘UNG K‘AO； ch。 221。
42。 It is interesting to note that M。 Pelliot has recently
discovered chapters 1； 4 and 5 of this lost work in the 〃Grottos
of the Thousand Buddhas。〃 See B。E。F。E。O。； t。 VIII； nos。 3…4； p。
525。
43。 The Hsia； the Shang and the Chou。 Although the last…named
was nominally existent in Sun Tzu's day； it retained hardly a
vestige of power； and the old military organization had
practically gone by the board。 I can suggest no other
explanation of the passage。
44。 See CHOU LI； xxix。 6…10。
45。 T‘UNG K‘AO； ch。 221。
46。 This appears to be still extant。 See Wylie's 〃Notes；〃 p。 91
（new edition）。
47。 T‘UNG K‘AO； loc。 cit。
48。 A notable person in his day。 His biography is given in the
SAN KUO CHIH； ch。 10。
49。 See XI。 ss。 58； note。
50。 HOU HAN SHU； ch。 17 ad init。
51。 SAN KUO CHIH； ch。 54。
52。 SUNG SHIH； ch。 365 ad init。
53。 The few Europeans who have yet had an opportunity of
acquainting themselves with Sun Tzu are not behindhand in their
praise。 In this connection； I may perhaps be excused for quoting
from a letter from Lord Roberts； to whom the sheets of the
present work were submitted previous to publication： 〃Many of
Sun Wu's maxims are perfectly applicable to the present day； and
no。 11 ＇in Chapter VIII＇ is one that the people of this country
would do well to take to heart。〃
54。 Ch。 140。
55。 See IV。 ss。 3。
56。 The allusion may be to Mencius VI。 2。 ix。 2。
57。 The TSO CHUAN。
58。 SHIH CHI； ch。 25； fol。 I。
59。 Cf。 SHIH CHI； ch 47。
60。 See SHU CHING； preface ss。 55。
61。 See SHIH CHI； ch。 47。
62。 Lun Yu； XV。 1。
63。 I failed to trace this utterance。
64。 Supra。
65。 Supra。
66。 The other four being worship； mourning； entertainment of
guests； and festive rites。 See SHU CHING； ii。 1。 III。 8； and
CHOU LI； IX。 fol。 49。
67。 See XIII。 ss。 11； note。
68。 This is a rather obscure allusion to the TSO CHUAN； where
Tzu…ch‘an says： 〃If you have a piece of beautiful brocade； you
will not employ a mere learner to make it up。〃
69。 Cf。 TAO TE CHING； ch。 31。
70。 Sun Hsing…yen might have quoted Confucius again。 See LUN
YU； XIII。 29； 30。
71。 Better known as Hsiang Yu ＇233…202 B。C。＇。
72。 SHIH CHI； ch。 47。
73。 SHIH CHI； ch。 38。
74。 See XIII。 ss。 27； note。 Further details on T‘ai Kung will
be found in the SHIH CHI； ch。 32 ad init。 Besides the tradition
which makes him a former minister of Chou Hsin； two other
accounts of him are there given； according to which he would
appear to have been first raised from a humble private station by
Wen Wang。
…
I。 LAYING PLANS
＇Ts‘ao Kung； in defining the meaning of the Chinese for the
title of this chapter； says it refers to the deliberations in the
temple selected by the general for his temporary use； or as we
should say； in his tent。 See。 ss。 26。＇
1。 Sun Tzu said： The art of war is of vital importance to
the State。
2。 It is a matter of life and death； a road either to
safety or to ruin。 Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on
no account be neglected。
3。 The art of war； then； is governed by five constant
factors； to be taken into account in one's deliberations； when
seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field。
4。 These are： （1） The Moral Law； （2） Heaven； （3） Earth；
（4） The Commander； （5） Method and discipline。
＇It appears from what follows that Sun Tzu means by 〃Moral
Law〃 a principle of harmony； not unlike the Tao of Lao Tzu in its
moral aspect。 One might be tempted to render it by 〃morale；〃
were it not considered as an attribute of the ruler in ss。 13。＇
5； 6。 The MORAL LAW causes the people to be in complete
accord with their ruler； so that they will follow him regardless
of their lives； undismayed by any danger。
＇Tu Yu quotes Wang Tzu as saying： 〃Without constant
practice； the officers will be nervous and undecided when
mustering for battle； without constant practice； the general will
be wavering and irresolute when the crisis is at hand。〃＇
7。 HEAVEN signifies night and day； cold and heat； times and
seasons。
＇The commentators； I think； make an unnecessary mystery of
two words here。 Meng Shih refers to 〃the hard and the soft；
waxing and waning〃 of Heaven。 Wang Hsi； however； may be right in
saying that what is meant is 〃the general economy of Heaven；〃
including the five elements； the four seasons； wind and clouds；
and other phenomena。＇
8。 EARTH comprises distances； great and small； danger and
security； open ground and narrow passes； the chances of life and
death。
9。 The COMMANDER stands for the virtues of wisdom；
sincerely； benevolence； courage and strictness。
＇The five cardinal virtues of the Chinese are （1） humanity
or benevolence； （2） uprightness of mind； （3） self…respect； self…
control； or 〃proper feeling；〃 （4） wisdom； （5） sincerity or good
faith。 Here 〃wisdom〃 and 〃sincerity〃 are put before 〃humanity or
benevolence；〃 and the two military virtues of 〃courage〃 and
〃strictness〃 substituted for 〃uprightness of mind〃 and 〃self…
respect； self…control； or 'proper feeling。'〃＇
10。 By METHOD AND DISCIPLINE are to be understood the
marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions； the
graduations of rank among the officers； the maintenance of roads
by which supplies may reach the army； and the control of military
expenditure。
11。 These five heads should be familiar to every general：
he who knows them will be victorious； he who knows them not will
fail。
12。 Therefore； in your deliberations； when seeking to
determine the military conditions； let them be made the basis of
a comparison； in this wise：
13。 （1） Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the
Moral law？
＇I。e。； 〃is in harmony with his subjects。〃 Cf。 ss。 5。＇
（2） Which of the two generals has most ability？
（3） With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and
Earth？
＇See ss。 7；8＇
（4） On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced？
＇Tu Mu alludes to the remarkable story of Ts‘ao Ts‘ao （A。D。
155…220）； who was such a strict disciplinarian that once； in
accordance with his own severe regulations against injury to
standing crops； he condemned himself to death for having allowed
him horse to shy into a field of corn！ However； in lieu of
losing his head； he was persuaded to satisfy his sense of justice
by cutting off his hair。 Ts‘ao Ts‘ao's own comment on the
present passage is characteristically curt： 〃when you lay down a
law； see that it is not disobeyed； if it is disobeyed the
offender must be put to death。〃＇
（5） Which army is stronger？
＇Morally as well as physically。 As Mei Yao…ch‘en puts it；
freely rendered； 〃ESPIRIT DE CORPS and 'big battalions。'〃＇
（6） On which side are officers and men more highly trained？
＇Tu Yu quotes Wang Tzu as saying： 〃Without constant
practice； the officers will be nervous and undecided when
mustering for battle； without constant practice； the general will
be wavering and irresolute when the crisis is at hand。〃＇
（7） In which army is there the greater constancy both in
reward and punishment？
＇On which side is there the most absolute certainty that
merit will be properly rewarded and misdeeds summarily punished？＇
14。 By means of these seven considerations I can forecast
victory or defeat。
