art of war-µÚ4½Ú
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
510¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Wu¡¡makes¡¡a¡¡successful¡¡attack¡¡on¡¡Yueh¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡war¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡states¡£
509¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡or¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Ch¡®u¡¡invades¡¡Wu£»¡¡but¡¡is¡¡signally¡¡defeated¡¡at¡¡Yu¡chang¡£
508¡¡¡¡£ü
506¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Ho¡¡Lu¡¡attacks¡¡Ch¡®u¡¡with¡¡the¡¡aid¡¡of¡¡T¡®ang¡¡and¡¡Ts¡®ai¡£¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Decisive¡¡battle¡¡of¡¡Po¡chu£»¡¡and¡¡capture¡¡of¡¡Ying¡£¡¡¡¡Last¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡mention¡¡of¡¡Sun¡¡Wu¡¡in¡¡SHIH¡¡CHI¡£
505¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Yueh¡¡makes¡¡a¡¡raid¡¡on¡¡Wu¡¡in¡¡the¡¡absence¡¡of¡¡its¡¡army¡£¡¡¡¡Wu¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡beaten¡¡by¡¡Ch¡®in¡¡and¡¡evacuates¡¡Ying¡£
504¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Ho¡¡Lu¡¡sends¡¡Fu¡¡Ch¡®ai¡¡to¡¡attack¡¡Ch¡®u¡£
497¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Kou¡¡Chien¡¡becomes¡¡King¡¡of¡¡Yueh¡£
496¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Wu¡¡attacks¡¡Yueh£»¡¡but¡¡is¡¡defeated¡¡by¡¡Kou¡¡Chien¡¡at¡¡Tsui¡li¡£¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ho¡¡Lu¡¡is¡¡killed¡£
494¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Fu¡¡Ch¡®ai¡¡defeats¡¡Kou¡¡Chien¡¡in¡¡the¡¡great¡¡battle¡¡of¡¡Fu¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡chaio£»¡¡and¡¡enters¡¡the¡¡capital¡¡of¡¡Yueh¡£
485¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡or¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Kou¡¡Chien¡¡renders¡¡homage¡¡to¡¡Wu¡£¡¡¡¡Death¡¡of¡¡Wu¡¡Tzu¡hsu¡£
484¡¡¡¡£ü
482¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Kou¡¡Chien¡¡invades¡¡Wu¡¡in¡¡the¡¡absence¡¡of¡¡Fu¡¡Ch¡®ai¡£
478¡¡¡¡£ü
¡¡to¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Further¡¡attacks¡¡by¡¡Yueh¡¡on¡¡Wu¡£
476¡¡¡¡£ü
475¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Kou¡¡Chien¡¡lays¡¡siege¡¡to¡¡the¡¡capital¡¡of¡¡Wu¡£
473¡¡¡¡£ü¡¡¡¡Final¡¡defeat¡¡and¡¡extinction¡¡of¡¡Wu¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡sentence¡¡quoted¡¡above¡¡from¡¡VI¡£¡¡ss¡£¡¡21¡¡hardly¡¡strikes¡¡me¡¡
as¡¡one¡¡that¡¡could¡¡have¡¡been¡¡written¡¡in¡¡the¡¡full¡¡flush¡¡of¡¡victory¡£¡¡¡¡
It¡¡seems¡¡rather¡¡to¡¡imply¡¡that£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡moment¡¡at¡¡least£»¡¡the¡¡tide¡¡
had¡¡turned¡¡against¡¡Wu£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡she¡¡was¡¡getting¡¡the¡¡worst¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
struggle¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡we¡¡may¡¡conclude¡¡that¡¡our¡¡treatise¡¡was¡¡not¡¡in¡¡
existence¡¡in¡¡505£»¡¡before¡¡which¡¡date¡¡Yueh¡¡does¡¡not¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡have¡¡
scored¡¡any¡¡notable¡¡success¡¡against¡¡Wu¡£¡¡¡¡Ho¡¡Lu¡¡died¡¡in¡¡496£»¡¡¡¡so¡¡
that¡¡if¡¡the¡¡book¡¡was¡¡written¡¡for¡¡him£»¡¡it¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡during¡¡
the¡¡period¡¡505¡496£»¡¡when¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡lull¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hostilities£»¡¡¡¡Wu¡¡
having¡¡presumably¡¡exhausted¡¡by¡¡its¡¡supreme¡¡effort¡¡against¡¡Ch¡®u¡£¡¡¡¡
On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡if¡¡we¡¡choose¡¡to¡¡disregard¡¡the¡¡tradition¡¡
connecting¡¡Sun¡¡Wu's¡¡name¡¡with¡¡Ho¡¡Lu£»¡¡it¡¡might¡¡equally¡¡well¡¡have¡¡
seen¡¡the¡¡light¡¡between¡¡496¡¡and¡¡494£»¡¡or¡¡possibly¡¡in¡¡the¡¡period¡¡
482¡473£»¡¡when¡¡Yueh¡¡was¡¡once¡¡again¡¡becoming¡¡a¡¡very¡¡serious¡¡menace¡£¡¡
£§33£§¡¡¡¡We¡¡may¡¡feel¡¡fairly¡¡certain¡¡that¡¡the¡¡author£»¡¡whoever¡¡he¡¡may¡¡
have¡¡been£»¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡any¡¡great¡¡eminence¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡day¡£¡¡¡¡
On¡¡this¡¡point¡¡the¡¡negative¡¡testimony¡¡of¡¡the¡¡TSO¡¡CHUAN¡¡far¡¡
outweighs¡¡any¡¡shred¡¡of¡¡authority¡¡still¡¡attaching¡¡to¡¡the¡¡SHIH¡¡CHI£»¡¡
if¡¡once¡¡its¡¡other¡¡facts¡¡are¡¡discredited¡£¡¡¡¡Sun¡¡Hsing¡yen£»¡¡however£»¡¡
makes¡¡a¡¡feeble¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡the¡¡omission¡¡of¡¡his¡¡name¡¡from¡¡
the¡¡great¡¡commentary¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡Wu¡¡Tzu¡hsu£»¡¡he¡¡says£»¡¡who¡¡got¡¡all¡¡
the¡¡credit¡¡of¡¡Sun¡¡Wu's¡¡exploits£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡¡¡£¨being¡¡an¡¡
alien£©¡¡was¡¡not¡¡rewarded¡¡with¡¡an¡¡office¡¡in¡¡the¡¡State¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡How¡¡then¡¡did¡¡the¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu¡¡legend¡¡originate£¿¡¡¡¡It¡¡may¡¡be¡¡that¡¡
the¡¡growing¡¡celebrity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡book¡¡imparted¡¡by¡¡degrees¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡
factitious¡¡renown¡¡to¡¡its¡¡author¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡felt¡¡to¡¡be¡¡only¡¡right¡¡
and¡¡proper¡¡that¡¡one¡¡so¡¡well¡¡versed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡science¡¡of¡¡war¡¡should¡¡
have¡¡solid¡¡achievements¡¡to¡¡his¡¡credit¡¡as¡¡well¡£¡¡¡¡Now¡¡the¡¡capture¡¡
of¡¡Ying¡¡was¡¡undoubtedly¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡feat¡¡of¡¡arms¡¡in¡¡Ho¡¡Lu's¡¡
reign£»¡¡¡¡it¡¡made¡¡a¡¡deep¡¡and¡¡lasting¡¡impression¡¡on¡¡all¡¡the¡¡
surrounding¡¡states£»¡¡and¡¡raised¡¡Wu¡¡to¡¡the¡¡short¡lived¡¡zenith¡¡of¡¡
her¡¡power¡£¡¡¡¡Hence£»¡¡what¡¡more¡¡natural£»¡¡as¡¡time¡¡went¡¡on£»¡¡than¡¡that¡¡
the¡¡acknowledged¡¡master¡¡of¡¡strategy£»¡¡Sun¡¡Wu£»¡¡should¡¡be¡¡popularly¡¡
identified¡¡with¡¡that¡¡campaign£»¡¡at¡¡first¡¡perhaps¡¡only¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡
that¡¡his¡¡brain¡¡conceived¡¡and¡¡planned¡¡it£»¡¡afterwards£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡
actually¡¡carried¡¡out¡¡by¡¡him¡¡in¡¡conjunction¡¡with¡¡Wu¡¡Yuan£»¡¡£§34£§¡¡¡¡Po¡¡
P¡®ei¡¡and¡¡Fu¡¡Kai£¿¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡obvious¡¡that¡¡any¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡reconstruct¡¡even¡¡the¡¡
outline¡¡of¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu's¡¡life¡¡must¡¡be¡¡based¡¡almost¡¡wholly¡¡on¡¡
conjecture¡£¡¡¡¡With¡¡this¡¡necessary¡¡proviso£»¡¡I¡¡should¡¡say¡¡that¡¡he¡¡
probably¡¡entered¡¡the¡¡service¡¡of¡¡Wu¡¡about¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡Ho¡¡Lu's¡¡
accession£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡gathered¡¡experience£»¡¡though¡¡only¡¡in¡¡the¡¡capacity¡¡
of¡¡a¡¡subordinate¡¡officer£»¡¡during¡¡the¡¡intense¡¡military¡¡activity¡¡
which¡¡marked¡¡the¡¡first¡¡half¡¡of¡¡the¡¡prince's¡¡reign¡£¡¡£§35£§¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡he¡¡
rose¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡general¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡he¡¡certainly¡¡was¡¡never¡¡on¡¡an¡¡equal¡¡
footing¡¡with¡¡the¡¡three¡¡above¡¡mentioned¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡doubtless¡¡present¡¡
at¡¡the¡¡investment¡¡and¡¡occupation¡¡of¡¡Ying£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡witnessed¡¡Wu's¡¡
sudden¡¡collapse¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡year¡£¡¡¡¡Yueh's¡¡attack¡¡at¡¡this¡¡
critical¡¡juncture£»¡¡when¡¡her¡¡rival¡¡was¡¡embarrassed¡¡on¡¡every¡¡side£»¡¡
seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡convinced¡¡him¡¡that¡¡this¡¡upstart¡¡kingdom¡¡was¡¡the¡¡
great¡¡enemy¡¡against¡¡whom¡¡every¡¡effort¡¡would¡¡henceforth¡¡have¡¡to¡¡be¡¡
directed¡£¡¡¡¡Sun¡¡Wu¡¡was¡¡thus¡¡a¡¡well¡seasoned¡¡warrior¡¡when¡¡he¡¡sat¡¡
down¡¡to¡¡write¡¡his¡¡famous¡¡book£»¡¡which¡¡according¡¡to¡¡my¡¡reckoning¡¡
must¡¡have¡¡appeared¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡end£»¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡
Ho¡¡Lu's¡¡reign¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡story¡¡of¡¡the¡¡women¡¡may¡¡possibly¡¡have¡¡grown¡¡
out¡¡of¡¡some¡¡real¡¡incident¡¡occurring¡¡about¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡we¡¡
hear¡¡no¡¡more¡¡of¡¡Sun¡¡Wu¡¡after¡¡this¡¡from¡¡any¡¡source£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡hardly¡¡
likely¡¡to¡¡have¡¡survived¡¡his¡¡patron¡¡or¡¡to¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡part¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
death¡struggle¡¡with¡¡Yueh£»¡¡which¡¡began¡¡with¡¡the¡¡disaster¡¡at¡¡Tsui¡
li¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡these¡¡inferences¡¡are¡¡approximately¡¡correct£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡
certain¡¡irony¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fate¡¡which¡¡decreed¡¡that¡¡China's¡¡most¡¡
illustrious¡¡man¡¡of¡¡peace¡¡should¡¡be¡¡contemporary¡¡with¡¡her¡¡greatest¡¡
writer¡¡on¡¡war¡£
The¡¡Text¡¡of¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu
¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡found¡¡it¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡glean¡¡much¡¡about¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡
Sun¡¡Tzu's¡¡text¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡quotations¡¡that¡¡occur¡¡in¡¡early¡¡authors¡¡go¡¡to¡¡
show¡¡that¡¡the¡¡¡¨13¡¡chapters¡¨¡¡of¡¡which¡¡Ssu¡ma¡¡Ch¡®ien¡¡speaks¡¡were¡¡
essentially¡¡the¡¡same¡¡as¡¡those¡¡now¡¡extant¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡have¡¡his¡¡word¡¡for¡¡
it¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡widely¡¡circulated¡¡in¡¡his¡¡day£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡can¡¡only¡¡
regret¡¡that¡¡he¡¡refrained¡¡from¡¡discussing¡¡them¡¡on¡¡that¡¡account¡£¡¡¡¡
Sun¡¡Hsing¡yen¡¡says¡¡in¡¡his¡¡preface£º¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡During¡¡the¡¡Ch¡®in¡¡and¡¡Han¡¡dynasties¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu's¡¡ART¡¡OF¡¡WAR¡¡
¡¡¡¡was¡¡in¡¡general¡¡use¡¡amongst¡¡military¡¡commanders£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡seem¡¡
¡¡¡¡to¡¡have¡¡treated¡¡it¡¡as¡¡a¡¡work¡¡of¡¡mysterious¡¡import£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡
¡¡¡¡unwilling¡¡to¡¡expound¡¡it¡¡for¡¡the¡¡benefit¡¡of¡¡posterity¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡
¡¡¡¡it¡¡came¡¡about¡¡that¡¡Wei¡¡Wu¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡write¡¡a¡¡commentary¡¡
¡¡¡¡on¡¡it¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡we¡¡have¡¡already¡¡seen£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡reasonable¡¡ground¡¡to¡¡
suppose¡¡that¡¡Ts¡®ao¡¡Kung¡¡tampered¡¡with¡¡the¡¡text¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡text¡¡
itself¡¡is¡¡often¡¡so¡¡obscure£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡editions¡¡which¡¡
appeared¡¡from¡¡that¡¡time¡¡onward¡¡so¡¡great£»¡¡especially¡¡during¡¡the¡¡
T¡®ang¡¡and¡¡Sung¡¡dynasties£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡surprising¡¡if¡¡numerous¡¡
corruptions¡¡had¡¡not¡¡managed¡¡to¡¡creep¡¡in¡£¡¡¡¡Towards¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡Sung¡¡period£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡time¡¡all¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡commentaries¡¡on¡¡Sun¡¡
Tzu¡¡were¡¡in¡¡existence£»¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡Chi¡¡T¡®ien¡pao¡¡published¡¡a¡¡work¡¡
in¡¡15¡¡CHUAN¡¡entitled¡¡¡¨Sun¡¡Tzu¡¡with¡¡the¡¡collected¡¡commentaries¡¡of¡¡
ten¡¡writers¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡There¡¡was¡¡another¡¡text£»¡¡with¡¡variant¡¡readings¡¡put¡¡
forward¡¡by¡¡Chu¡¡Fu¡¡of¡¡Ta¡hsing£»¡¡which¡¡also¡¡had¡¡supporters¡¡among¡¡
the¡¡scholars¡¡of¡¡that¡¡period£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Ming¡¡editions£»¡¡Sun¡¡Hsing¡
yen¡¡tells¡¡us£»¡¡these¡¡readings¡¡were¡¡for¡¡some¡¡reason¡¡or¡¡other¡¡no¡¡
longer¡¡put¡¡into¡¡circulation¡£¡¡¡¡Thus£»¡¡until¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡18th¡¡
century£»¡¡the¡¡text¡¡in¡¡sole¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡the¡¡field¡¡was¡¡one¡¡derived¡¡
from¡¡Chi¡¡T¡®ien¡pao's¡¡edition£»¡¡although¡¡no¡¡actual¡¡copy¡¡of¡¡that¡¡
important¡¡work¡¡was¡¡known¡¡to¡¡have¡¡survived¡£¡¡¡¡That£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡¡¡is¡¡
the¡¡text¡¡of¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu¡¡which¡¡appears¡¡in¡¡the¡¡War¡¡section¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡
Imperial¡¡encyclopedia¡¡printed¡¡in¡¡1726£»¡¡the¡¡KU¡¡CHIN¡¡T¡®U¡¡SHU¡¡CHI¡¡
CH¡®ENG¡£¡¡¡¡Another¡¡copy¡¡at¡¡my¡¡disposal¡¡of¡¡what¡¡is¡¡practically¡¡the¡¡
same¡¡text£»¡¡¡¡with¡¡slight¡¡variations£»¡¡is¡¡that¡¡contained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
¡¨Eleven¡¡philosophers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Chou¡¡and¡¡Ch¡®in¡¡dynasties¡¨¡¡¡¡£§1758£§¡£¡¡¡¡
And¡¡the¡¡Chinese¡¡printed¡¡in¡¡Capt¡£¡¡Calthrop's¡¡first¡¡edition¡¡is¡¡
evidently¡¡a¡¡similar¡¡version¡¡which¡¡has¡¡filtered¡¡through¡¡Japanese¡¡
channels¡£¡¡¡¡So¡¡things¡¡remained¡¡until¡¡Sun¡¡Hsing¡yen¡¡£§1752¡1818£§£»¡¡¡¡a¡¡
distinguished¡¡antiquarian¡¡and¡¡classical¡¡scholar£»¡¡who¡¡claimed¡¡to¡¡
be¡¡an¡¡actual¡¡descendant¡¡of¡¡Sun¡¡Wu£»¡¡£§36£§¡¡accidentally¡¡discovered¡¡a¡¡
copy¡¡of¡¡Chi¡¡T¡®ien¡pao's¡¡long¡lost¡¡work£»¡¡when¡¡on¡¡a¡¡visit¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
library¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Hua¡yin¡¡temple¡£¡¡£§37£§¡¡¡¡Appended¡¡to¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡I¡¡
SHUO¡¡of¡¡Cheng¡¡Yu¡Hsien£»¡¡mentioned¡¡in¡¡the¡¡T¡®UNG¡¡CHIH£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡also¡¡
believed¡¡to¡¡have¡¡perished¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡what¡¡Sun¡¡Hsing¡yen¡¡designates¡¡
as¡¡the¡¡¡¨original¡¡edition¡¡£¨or¡¡text£©¡¨¡¡¡¡a¡¡rather¡¡misleading¡¡name£»¡¡
for¡¡it¡¡cannot¡¡by¡¡any¡¡means¡¡claim¡¡to¡¡set¡¡before¡¡us¡¡the¡¡text¡¡of¡¡Sun¡¡
Tzu¡¡in¡¡its¡¡pristine¡¡purity¡£¡¡¡¡Chi¡¡T¡®ien¡pao¡¡was¡¡a¡¡careless¡¡
compiler£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡content¡¡to¡¡reproduce¡¡the¡¡
somewhat¡¡debased¡¡version¡¡current¡¡in¡¡his¡¡day£»¡¡without¡¡troubling¡¡to¡¡
collate¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡the¡¡earliest¡¡¡¡¡¡editions¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡available¡£¡¡¡¡
Fortunately£»¡¡¡¡two¡¡versions¡¡of¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu£»¡¡even¡¡older¡¡than¡¡the¡¡newly¡¡
discovered¡¡work£»¡¡were¡¡still¡¡extant£»¡¡one¡¡buried¡¡in¡¡the¡¡T¡®UNG¡¡TIEN£»¡¡
Tu¡¡Yu's¡¡great¡¡treatise¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Constitution£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡similarly¡¡
enshrined¡¡in¡¡the¡¡T¡®AI¡¡P¡®ING¡¡YU¡¡LAN¡¡encyclopedia¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡both¡¡the¡¡
complete¡¡text¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found£»¡¡though¡¡split¡¡up¡¡into¡¡fragments£»¡¡
intermixed¡¡with¡¡other¡¡matter£»¡¡and¡¡scattered¡¡piecemeal¡¡over¡¡a¡¡
number¡¡of¡¡different¡¡sections¡£¡¡¡¡Considering¡¡that¡¡the¡¡YU¡¡LAN¡¡takes¡¡
us¡¡back¡¡to¡¡the¡¡year¡¡983£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡T¡®UNG¡¡TIEN¡¡about¡¡200¡¡years¡¡
further¡¡still£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡T¡®ang¡¡dynasty£»¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡
these¡¡early¡¡transcripts¡¡of¡¡Sun¡¡Tzu¡¡can¡¡hardly¡¡be¡¡overestimated¡£¡¡¡¡
Yet¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of