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resent any such aspersion on these historic names:  〃I Yin and Lu 

Ya;〃  he says; 〃were not rebels against the Government。  Hsia 

could not employ the former; hence Yin employed him。  Yin could 

not employ the latter; hence Hou employed him。  Their great 

achievements were all for the good of the people。〃  Ho Shih is 

also indignant:  〃How should two divinely inspired men such as I 

and Lu have acted as common spies?  Sun Tzu's mention of them 

simply means that the proper use of the five classes of spies is 

a matter which requires men of the highest mental caliber like I 

and Lu; whose wisdom and capacity qualified them for the task。  

The above words only emphasize this point。〃  Ho Shih believes 

then that the two heroes are mentioned on account of their 

supposed skill in the use of spies。  But this is very weak。'



     27。  Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise 

general who will use the highest intelligence of the army for 

purposes of spying and thereby they achieve great results。



     'Tu Mu closes with a note of warning:  〃Just as water; which 

carries a boat from bank to bank; may also be the means of 

sinking it; so reliance on spies; while production of great 

results; is oft…times the cause of utter destruction。〃'



Spies are a most important element in water; because on them 

depends an army's ability to move。



     'Chia Lin says that an army without spies is like a man with 

ears or eyes。'







'1'  〃Aids to Scouting;〃 p。 2。



'2'  〃Marshal Turenne;〃 p。 311。





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