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XII。  THE ATTACK BY FIRE





     'Rather more than half the chapter (SS。 1…13) is devoted to 

the subject of fire; after which the author branches off into 

other topics。'



     1。  Sun Tzu said:  There are five ways of attacking with 

fire。  The first is to burn soldiers in their camp;



     'So Tu Mu。  Li Ch‘uan says:  〃Set fire to the camp; and kill 

the soldiers〃  (when they try to escape from the flames)。  Pan 

Ch‘ao; sent on a diplomatic mission to the King of Shan…shan 'see 

XI。  ss。 51; note'; found himself placed in extreme peril by the 

unexpected arrival of an envoy from the Hsiung…nu  'the mortal 

enemies of the Chinese'。  In consultation with his officers;  he 

exclaimed:  〃Never venture; never win! '1'  The only course open 

to us now is to make an assault by fire on the barbarians under 

cover of night;  when they will not be able to discern our 

numbers。  Profiting by their panic; we shall exterminate them 

completely;  this will cool the King's courage and cover us with 

glory;  besides ensuring the success of our mission。'   the 

officers all replied that it would be necessary to discuss the 

matter first with the Intendant。  Pan Ch‘ao then fell into a 

passion:   'It is today;' he cried; 'that our fortunes must be 

decided!   The Intendant is only a humdrum civilian;  who on 

hearing of our project will certainly be afraid; and everything 

will be brought to light。  An inglorious death is no worthy fate 

for valiant warriors。'   All then agreed to do as he wished。  

Accordingly;  as soon as night came on; he and his little band 

quickly made their way to the barbarian camp。  A strong gale was 

blowing at the time。  Pan Ch‘ao ordered ten of the party to take 

drums and hide behind the enemy's barracks; it being arranged 

that when they saw flames shoot up; they should begin drumming 

and yelling with all their might。  The rest of his men;  armed 

with bows and crossbows; he posted in ambuscade at the gate of 

the camp。  He then set fire to the place from the windward side; 

whereupon a deafening noise of drums and shouting arose on the 

front and rear of the Hsiung…nu; who rushed out pell…mell in 

frantic disorder。  Pan Ch‘ao slew three of them with his own 

hand;  while his companions cut off the heads of the envoy and 

thirty of his suite。  The remainder; more than a hundred in all; 

perished in the flames。  On the following day;  Pan Ch‘ao; 

divining his thoughts; said with uplifted hand:  'Although you 

did not go with us last night; I should not think; Sir; of taking 

sole credit for our exploit。'  This satisfied Kuo Hsun; and Pan 

Ch‘ao;  having sent for Kuang; King of Shan…shan; showed him the 

head of the barbarian envoy。  The whole kingdom was seized with 

fear and trembling;  which Pan Ch‘ao took steps to allay by 

issuing a public proclamation。  Then; taking the king's sons as 

hostage; he returned to make his report to Tou Ku。〃  HOU HAN SHU; 

ch。 47; ff。 1; 2。' '



the second is to burn stores;



     'Tu Mu says:  〃Provisions; fuel and fodder。〃  In order to 

subdue   the   rebellious population of Kiangnan;   Kao   Keng 

recommended Wen Ti of the Sui dynasty to make periodical raids 

and burn their stores of grain; a policy which in the long run 

proved entirely successful。'



the third is to burn baggage trains;



     'An example given is the destruction of Yuan Shao‘s wagons 

and impedimenta by Ts‘ao Ts‘ao in 200 A。D。'



the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines;



     'Tu Mu says that the things contained in  〃arsenals〃  and 

〃magazines〃  are the same。  He specifies weapons and other 

implements; bullion and clothing。  Cf。 VII。 ss。 11。'



the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy。



     'Tu Yu says in the T‘UNG TIEN:  〃To drop fire into the 

enemy's camp。  The method by which this may be done is to set the 

tips of arrows alight by dipping them into a brazier;  and then 

shoot them from powerful crossbows into the enemy's lines。〃'



     2。  In order to carry out an attack; we must have means 

available。



     'T‘sao Kung thinks that 〃traitors in the enemy's camp〃  are 

referred to。  But Ch‘en Hao is more likely to be right in saying:  

〃We must have favorable circumstances in general;  not merely 

traitors to help us。〃  Chia Lin says:  〃We must avail ourselves 

of wind and dry weather。〃'



the material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness。



     'Tu Mu suggests as material for making fire:  〃dry vegetable 

matter; reeds; brushwood; straw; grease; oil; etc。〃  Here we have 

the material cause。  Chang Yu says:  〃vessels for hoarding fire; 

stuff for lighting fires。〃'



     3。  There is a proper season for making attacks with fire; 

and special days for starting a conflagration。

     4。  The proper season is when the weather is very dry;  the 

special days are those when the moon is in the constellations of 

the Sieve; the Wall; the Wing or the Cross…bar;



     'These are; respectively; the 7th; 14th; 27th; and 28th of 

the Twenty…eight Stellar Mansions;  corresponding roughly to 

Sagittarius; Pegasus; Crater and Corvus。'



for these four are all days of rising wind。

     5。  In attacking with fire; one should be prepared to meet 

five possible developments:

     6。  (1) When fire breaks out inside to enemy's camp; respond 

at once with an attack from without。

     7。  (2)  If there is an outbreak of fire; but the enemy's 

soldiers remain quiet; bide your time and do not attack。



     'The prime object of attacking with fire is to throw the 

enemy into confusion。  If this effect is not produced; it means 

that the enemy is ready to receive us。  Hence the necessity for 

caution。'



     8。  (3) When the force of the flames has reached its height; 

follow it up with an attack; if that is practicable; if not; stay 

where you are。



     'Ts‘ao Kung says:  〃If you see a possible way; advance;  but 

if you find the difficulties too great; retire。〃'



     9。  (4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from 

without; do not wait for it to break out within; but deliver your 

attack at a favorable moment。



     'Tu Mu says that the previous paragraphs had reference to 

the fire breaking out (either accidentally; we may suppose; or by 

the agency of incendiaries) inside the enemy's camp。  〃But;〃  he 

continues;  〃if the enemy is settled in a waste place littered 

with quantities of grass; or if he has pitched his camp in a 

position which can be burnt out; we must carry our fire against 

him at any seasonable opportunity; and not await on in hopes of 

an outbreak occurring within; for fear our opponents should 

themselves burn up the surrounding vegetation; and thus render 

our own attempts fruitless。〃  The famous Li Ling once baffled the 

leader of the Hsiung…nu in this way。  The latter;  taking 

advantage of a favorable wind; tried to set fire to the Chinese 

general's camp;  but found that every scrap of combustible 

vegetation in the neighborhood had already been burnt down。  On 

the other hand; Po…ts‘ai; a general of the Yellow Turban rebels; 

was badly defeated in 184 A。D。 through his neglect of this simple 

precaution。  〃At the head of a large army he was besieging 

Ch‘ang…she;  which was held by Huang…fu Sung。  The garrison was 

very small;  and a general feeling of nervousness pervaded the 

ranks;  so Huang…fu Sung called his officers together and said:  

〃In war;  there are various indirect methods of attack;  and 

numbers do not count for everything。  'The commentator here 

quotes Sun Tzu; V。 SS。 5; 6 and 10。'  Now the rebels have pitched 

their camp in the midst of thick grass which will easily burn 

when the wind blows。  If we set fire to it at night; they will be 

thrown into a panic; and we can make a sortie and attack them on 

all sides at once; thus emulating the achievement of T‘ien Tan。'  

'See p。 90。'  That same evening; a strong breeze sprang up;  so 

Huang…fu Sung instructed his soldiers to bind reeds together into 

torches and mount guard on the city walls; after which he sent 

out a band of daring men; who stealthily made their way through 

the lines and started the fire with loud shouts and yells。  

Simultaneously; a glare of light shot up from the city walls; and 

Huang…fu Sung;  sounding his drums; led a rapid charge;  which 

threw the rebels into confusion and put them to headlong flight。〃  

'HOU HAN SHU; ch。 71。' '



     10。  (5) When you start a fire; be to windward of it。  Do 

not attack from the leeward。



     'Chang Yu; following Tu Yu; says:  〃When you make a fire; 

the enemy will retreat away from it; if you oppose his retreat 

and attack him then; he will fight desperately; which will not 

conduce to your success。〃  A rather more obvious explanation is 

given by Tu Mu:  〃If the wind is in the east; begin burning to 

the east of th

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