Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the women of the french salons >

µÚ26½Ú

the women of the french salons-µÚ26½Ú

С˵£º the women of the french salons ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



¡¡clergy¡¡who¡¡had¡¡no¡¡attribute¡¡of¡¡priesthood¡¡but¡¡the¡¡name£»¡¡and¡¡clearly¡¡justified¡¡the¡¡sneers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡philosophers¡£¡¡¡¡Tradition¡¡had¡¡given¡¡place¡¡to¡¡private¡¡judgment¡¡and¡¡in¡¡its¡¡first¡¡reaction¡¡private¡¡judgment¡¡knew¡¡no¡¡law¡¡but¡¡its¡¡own¡¡caprices¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡watchword¡¡of¡¡intellectual¡¡freedom¡¡was¡¡made¡¡to¡¡cover¡¡universal¡¡license£»¡¡and¡¡clever¡¡sophists¡¡constructed¡¡theories¡¡to¡¡justify¡¡the¡¡mad¡¡carnival¡¡of¡¡vice¡¡and¡¡frivolity¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨As¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡one¡¡does¡¡a¡¡bad¡¡action£»¡¡one¡¡never¡¡fails¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡bad¡¡maxim£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡the¡¡clever¡¡Marquise¡¡de¡¡Crequi¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨As¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡a¡¡school¡¡boy¡¡has¡¡his¡¡love¡¡affairs£»¡¡he¡¡wishes¡¡no¡¡more¡¡to¡¡say¡¡his¡¡prayers£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡a¡¡woman¡¡wrongs¡¡her¡¡husband£»¡¡she¡¡tries¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡no¡¡more¡¡in¡¡God¡£¡¨

The¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡this¡¡brilliant¡¡but¡¡heartless¡¡and¡¡epicurean¡¡world¡¡was¡¡tempered¡¡with¡¡intellect¡¡and¡¡taste¡¡changed¡¡its¡¡color¡¡but¡¡not¡¡its¡¡moral¡¡quality¡£¡¡¡¡Talent¡¡turned¡¡to¡¡intrigue£»¡¡and¡¡character¡¡was¡¡the¡¡toy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡scheming¡¡and¡¡flexible¡¡brain¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡maxims¡¡of¡¡La¡¡Rochefoucauld¡¡were¡¡the¡¡rule¡¡of¡¡life¡£¡¡¡¡Wit¡¡counted¡¡for¡¡everything£»¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡for¡¡nothing¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡only¡¡sins¡¡that¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡pardoned¡¡were¡¡stupidity¡¡and¡¡awkwardness¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨Bah£¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡has¡¡only¡¡revealed¡¡every¡¡one's¡¡secret£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡Mme¡£¡¡du¡¡Defand¡¡to¡¡an¡¡acquaintance¡¡who¡¡censured¡¡Helvetius¡¡for¡¡making¡¡selfishness¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡all¡¡human¡¡actions¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡some¡¡one¡¡who¡¡met¡¡this¡¡typical¡¡woman¡¡of¡¡her¡¡time£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡gay¡¡salon¡¡of¡¡Mme¡£¡¡de¡¡Marchais£»¡¡and¡¡condoled¡¡with¡¡her¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡her¡¡lifelong¡¡friend¡¡and¡¡lover£»¡¡Pont¡¡de¡¡Veyle£»¡¡she¡¡quietly¡¡replied£»¡¡¡¨Alas£¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡died¡¡this¡¡evening¡¡at¡¡six¡¡o¡¨clock£»¡¡otherwise¡¡you¡¡would¡¡not¡¡see¡¡me¡¡here¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¨My¡¡friend¡¡fell¡¡ill£»¡¡I¡¡attended¡¡him£»¡¡he¡¡died£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡dissected¡¡him¡¨¡¡was¡¡the¡¡remark¡¡of¡¡a¡¡wit¡¡on¡¡reading¡¡her¡¡satirical¡¡pen¡¡portrait¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Marquise¡¡du¡¡Chatelet¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡cold¡¡skepticism£»¡¡keen¡¡analysis£»¡¡and¡¡undisguised¡¡heartlessness¡¡strike¡¡the¡¡keynote¡¡of¡¡the¡¡century¡¡which¡¡was¡¡socially¡¡so¡¡brilliant£»¡¡intellectually¡¡so¡¡fruitful£»¡¡and¡¡morally¡¡so¡¡weak¡£

The¡¡liberty¡¡and¡¡complaisance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡domestic¡¡relations¡¡were¡¡complete¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡true¡¡there¡¡were¡¡examples¡¡of¡¡conjugal¡¡devotion£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡gentle¡¡human¡¡affections¡¡never¡¡quite¡¡disappear¡¡in¡¡any¡¡atmosphere£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡considered¡¡worthy¡¡of¡¡note¡¡sufficiently¡¡indicates¡¡the¡¡drift¡¡of¡¡the¡¡age¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡world¡¡of¡¡fashion¡¡and¡¡of¡¡form¡¡there¡¡was¡¡not¡¡even¡¡a¡¡pretense¡¡of¡¡preserving¡¡the¡¡sanctity¡¡of¡¡marriage£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡chronicles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡credited¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡simply¡¡a¡¡commercial¡¡affair¡¡which¡¡united¡¡names¡¡and¡¡fortunes£»¡¡continued¡¡the¡¡glory¡¡of¡¡the¡¡families£»¡¡replenished¡¡exhausted¡¡purses£»¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡freedom¡¡to¡¡women¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡love¡¡entered¡¡into¡¡it¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡by¡¡accident¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡superfluous¡¡sentiment¡¡was¡¡ridiculed£»¡¡or¡¡relegated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bourgeoisie£»¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡it¡¡was¡¡left¡¡to¡¡preserve¡¡the¡¡tradition¡¡of¡¡household¡¡virtues¡£¡¡¡¡Every¡¡one¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡accepted¡¡the¡¡philosophy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡irrepressible¡¡Ninon£»¡¡who¡¡¡¨returned¡¡thanks¡¡to¡¡God¡¡every¡¡evening¡¡for¡¡her¡¡esprit£»¡¡and¡¡prayed¡¡him¡¡every¡¡morning¡¡to¡¡be¡¡preserved¡¡from¡¡follies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heart¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡If¡¡a¡¡young¡¡wife¡¡was¡¡modest¡¡or¡¡shy£»¡¡she¡¡was¡¡the¡¡object¡¡of¡¡unflattering¡¡persiflage¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡she¡¡betrayed¡¡her¡¡innocent¡¡love¡¡for¡¡her¡¡husband£»¡¡she¡¡was¡¡not¡¡of¡¡the¡¡charmed¡¡circle¡¡of¡¡wit¡¡and¡¡good¡¡tone¡¡which¡¡frowned¡¡upon¡¡so¡¡vulgar¡¡a¡¡weakness£»¡¡and¡¡laughed¡¡at¡¡inconvenient¡¡scruples¡£

¡¨Indeed£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡a¡¡typical¡¡husband¡¡of¡¡the¡¡period£»¡¡¡¨I¡¡cannot¡¡conceive¡¡how£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡barbarous¡¡ages£»¡¡one¡¡had¡¡the¡¡courage¡¡to¡¡wed¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡ties¡¡of¡¡marriage¡¡were¡¡a¡¡chain¡£¡¡¡¡Today¡¡you¡¡see¡¡kindness£»¡¡liberty£»¡¡peace¡¡reign¡¡in¡¡the¡¡bosom¡¡of¡¡families¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡husband¡¡and¡¡wife¡¡love¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡very¡¡well£»¡¡they¡¡live¡¡together£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡happy¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡they¡¡cease¡¡to¡¡love£»¡¡they¡¡say¡¡so¡¡honestly£»¡¡and¡¡return¡¡to¡¡each¡¡other¡¡the¡¡promise¡¡of¡¡fidelity¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡cease¡¡to¡¡be¡¡lovers£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡friends¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡is¡¡what¡¡I¡¡call¡¡social¡¡manners£»¡¡gentle¡¡manners¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡This¡¡reign¡¡of¡¡the¡¡senses¡¡is¡¡aptly¡¡illustrated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡epitaph¡¡which¡¡the¡¡gay£»¡¡voluptuous£»¡¡and¡¡spirtuelle¡¡Marquise¡¡de¡¡Boufflers¡¡wrote¡¡for¡¡herself£º

Ci¡­git¡¡dans¡¡une¡¡paix¡¡profonde¡¡Cette¡¡Dame¡¡de¡¡Volupte¡¡Qui£»¡¡pour¡¡plus¡¡grande¡¡surete£»¡¡Fit¡¡son¡¡paradis¡¡de¡¡ce¡¡monde¡£

¡¨Courte¡¡et¡¡bonne£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡the¡¡favorite¡¡daughter¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Regent£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡spirit¡£

It¡¡is¡¡against¡¡such¡¡a¡¡background¡¡that¡¡the¡¡women¡¡who¡¡figure¡¡so¡¡prominently¡¡in¡¡the¡¡salons¡¡are¡¡outlined¡£¡¡¡¡Such¡¡was¡¡the¡¡air¡¡they¡¡breathed£»¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡they¡¡imbibed¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡it¡¡was¡¡fatal¡¡to¡¡the¡¡finer¡¡graces¡¡of¡¡character¡¡goes¡¡without¡¡saying¡£¡¡¡¡Doubtless£»¡¡in¡¡quiet¡¡and¡¡secluded¡¡nooks£»¡¡there¡¡were¡¡many¡¡human¡¡wild¡¡flowers¡¡that¡¡had¡¡not¡¡lost¡¡their¡¡primitive¡¡freshness¡¡and¡¡delicacy£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡did¡¡not¡¡flourish¡¡in¡¡the¡¡withering¡¡atmosphere¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡world¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡type¡¡in¡¡vogue¡¡savored¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hothouse¡£¡¡¡¡With¡¡its¡¡striking¡¡beauty¡¡of¡¡form¡¡and¡¡tropical¡¡richness¡¡of¡¡color£»¡¡it¡¡had¡¡no¡¡sweetness£»¡¡no¡¡fragrance¡£¡¡¡¡Many¡¡of¡¡these¡¡women¡¡we¡¡can¡¡only¡¡consider¡¡on¡¡the¡¡worldly¡¡and¡¡intellectual¡¡side¡£¡¡¡¡Sydney¡¡Smith¡¡has¡¡aptly¡¡characterized¡¡them¡¡as¡¡¡¨women¡¡who¡¡violated¡¡the¡¡common¡¡duties¡¡of¡¡life£»¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡very¡¡pleasant¡¡little¡¡suppers¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡But¡¡standing¡¡on¡¡the¡¡level¡¡of¡¡a¡¡time¡¡in¡¡which¡¡their¡¡faults¡¡were¡¡mildly¡¡censured£»¡¡if¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡their¡¡characteristic¡¡gifts¡¡shine¡¡out¡¡with¡¡marvelous¡¡splendor¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡from¡¡this¡¡standpoint¡¡alone¡¡that¡¡we¡¡can¡¡present¡¡them£»¡¡drawing¡¡the¡¡friendly¡¡mantle¡¡of¡¡silence¡¡over¡¡grave¡¡weaknesses¡¡and¡¡fatal¡¡errors¡£

In¡¡this¡¡century£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡women¡¡have¡¡so¡¡much¡¡wider¡¡scope£»¡¡when¡¡they¡¡may¡¡paint£»¡¡carve£»¡¡act£»¡¡sing£»¡¡write£»¡¡enter¡¡professional¡¡life£»¡¡or¡¡do¡¡whatever¡¡talent¡¡and¡¡inclination¡¡dictate£»¡¡without¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡dignity¡¡or¡¡prestige£»¡¡unless¡¡they¡¡do¡¡it¡¡ill£»and¡¡perhaps¡¡even¡¡this¡¡exception¡¡is¡¡a¡¡trifle¡¡superfluous£»it¡¡is¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡understand¡¡fully£»¡¡or¡¡estimate¡¡correctly£»¡¡a¡¡society¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡best¡¡feminine¡¡intellect¡¡was¡¡centered¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡entertaining¡¡and¡¡of¡¡wielding¡¡an¡¡indirect¡¡power¡¡through¡¡the¡¡minds¡¡of¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡Frenchwomen¡¡had¡¡all¡¡the¡¡vanity¡¡that¡¡lies¡¡at¡¡the¡¡bottom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Gallic¡¡character£»¡¡but¡¡when¡¡the¡¡triumphs¡¡of¡¡youth¡¡were¡¡over£»¡¡the¡¡only¡¡legitimate¡¡path¡¡to¡¡individual¡¡distinction¡¡was¡¡that¡¡of¡¡social¡¡influence¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡was¡¡attained¡¡through¡¡personal¡¡charm£»¡¡supplemented¡¡by¡¡more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡cleverness£»¡¡or¡¡through¡¡the¡¡gift¡¡of¡¡creating¡¡a¡¡society¡¡that¡¡cast¡¡about¡¡them¡¡an¡¡illusion¡¡of¡¡talent¡¡of¡¡which¡¡they¡¡were¡¡often¡¡only¡¡the¡¡reflection¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡these¡¡two¡¡classes¡¡belong¡¡the¡¡queens¡¡of¡¡the¡¡salons¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡most¡¡famous¡¡of¡¡them¡¡only¡¡carried¡¡to¡¡the¡¡point¡¡of¡¡genius¡¡a¡¡talent¡¡that¡¡was¡¡universal¡£

In¡¡its¡¡best¡¡estate¡¡a¡¡brilliant¡¡social¡¡life¡¡is¡¡essentially¡¡an¡¡external¡¡one¡£¡¡¡¡Its¡¡charm¡¡lies¡¡largely¡¡in¡¡the¡¡superficial¡¡graces£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡facile¡¡and¡¡winning¡¡manners£»¡¡the¡¡ready¡¡tact£»¡¡the¡¡quick¡¡intelligence£»¡¡the¡¡rare¡¡and¡¡perishable¡¡gifts¡¡of¡¡conversationin¡¡the¡¡nameless¡¡trifles¡¡which¡¡are¡¡elusive¡¡as¡¡shadows¡¡and¡¡potent¡¡as¡¡light¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡way¡¡of¡¡putting¡¡things¡¡that¡¡tells£»¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡things¡¡themselves¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡world¡¡of¡¡draperies¡¡and¡¡amenities£»¡¡of¡¡dinners¡¡and¡¡conversaziones£»¡¡of¡¡epigrams£»¡¡coquetries£»¡¡and¡¡sparkling¡¡trivialities¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Frenchwoman's¡¡milieu¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡has¡¡little¡¡in¡¡common¡¡with¡¡the¡¡inner¡¡world¡¡that¡¡surges¡¡forever¡¡behind¡¡and¡¡beneath¡¡it£»¡¡little¡¡sympathy¡¡with¡¡inconvenient¡¡ideals¡¡and¡¡exalted¡¡sentiments¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡serious¡¡and¡¡earnest¡¡soul¡¡to¡¡which¡¡divine¡¡messages¡¡have¡¡been¡¡whispered¡¡in¡¡hours¡¡of¡¡solitude¡¡finds¡¡its¡¡treasures¡¡unheeded£»¡¡its¡¡language¡¡unspoken¡¡here¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡cares£»¡¡the¡¡burdens£»¡¡the¡¡griefs¡¡that¡¡weigh¡¡so¡¡heavily¡¡on¡¡the¡¡great¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡humanity¡¡are¡¡banished¡¡from¡¡this¡¡social¡¡Eden¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Frenchman¡¡has¡¡as¡¡little¡¡love¡¡for¡¡the¡¡somber¡¡side¡¡of¡¡life¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Athenian£»¡¡who¡¡veiled¡¡every¡¡expression¡¡of¡¡suffering¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨Joy¡¡marks¡¡the¡¡force¡¡of¡¡the¡¡intellect£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡the¡¡pleasure¡­loving¡¡Ninon¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡this¡¡peculiar¡¡gift¡¡of¡¡projecting¡¡themselves¡¡into¡¡a¡¡joyous¡¡atmosphere£»¡¡of¡¡treating¡¡even¡¡serious¡¡subjects¡¡in¡¡a¡¡piquant¡¡and¡¡lively¡¡fashion£»¡¡of¡¡dwelling¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡pleasant¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡things£»¡¡that¡¡has¡¡made¡¡the¡¡French¡¡the¡¡artists£»¡¡above¡¡all¡¡others£»¡¡of¡¡social¡¡life¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Parisienne¡¡selects¡¡her¡¡company£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡skillful¡¡leader¡¡forms¡¡his¡¡orchestra£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡fine¡¡instinct¡¡of¡¡harmony£»¡¡no¡¡single¡¡instrument¡¡dominates£»¡¡but¡¡every¡¡member¡¡is¡¡an¡¡artist¡¡in¡¡his¡¡way£»¡¡adding¡¡his¡¡touch¡¡of¡¡melody¡¡or¡¡color¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fitting¡¡place¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡aims£»¡¡perhaps¡¡unconsciously£»¡¡at¡¡a¡¡poetic¡¡ideal¡¡which¡¡shall¡¡express¡¡the¡¡best¡¡in¡¡life¡¡and¡¡thought£»¡¡divested¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rude¡¡and¡¡commonplace£»¡¡untouched¡¡by¡¡sorrow¡¡or¡¡passion£»¡¡and¡¡free¡¡from¡¡personality¡£

But¡¡the¡¡representative¡¡salons£»¡¡which¡¡have¡¡left¡¡a¡¡permanent¡¡mark¡¡upon¡¡their¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡memory¡¡that¡¡does¡¡not¡¡seem¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡die£»¡¡were¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡simply¡¡centers¡¡of¡¡refined¡¡and¡¡intellectual¡¡amusement¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡moral¡¡and¡¡literary¡¡reaction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡seventeenth¡¡century¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡social¡¡and¡¡political¡¡forces¡¡of¡¡the¡¡eighteenth¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡salon¡¡had¡¡become¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡engine¡¡of¡¡power£»¡¡an¡¡organ¡¡of¡¡public¡¡opinion£»¡¡like¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡press¡£¡¡¡¡Clever¡¡and¡¡ambitious¡¡women¡¡had¡¡found¡¡their¡¡instrument¡¡and¡¡their¡¡opportunity¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡had¡¡long¡¡since¡¡learned¡¡that¡¡the¡¡homage¡¡paid¡¡to¡¡weakness¡¡is¡¡illusory£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡beauty¡¡is¡¡short¡­lived¡£¡¡¡¡With¡¡none¡¡of¡¡the¡¡devotion¡¡which¡¡had¡¡made¡¡the¡¡convent¡¡the¡¡time¡­honored¡¡refuge¡¡of¡¡tender¡¡and¡¡exalted¡¡souls£»¡¡finding¡¡little¡¡solace¡¡in¡¡the¡¡domestic¡¡affections¡¡which¡¡played¡¡so¡¡small¡¡a¡¡role¡¡in¡¡their¡¡lives£»¡¡they¡¡turned¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡force¡¡of¡¡their¡¡clear¡¡and¡¡flexible¡¡minds¡¡to¡¡this¡¡new¡¡species¡¡of¡¡sovereignty¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡keenness¡¡of¡¡vision£»¡¡their¡¡consummate¡¡skill¡¡in¡¡the¡¡adaptation¡¡of¡¡means¡¡to¡¡ends£»¡¡their¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡their¡¡practical¡¡intelligence£»¡¡their¡¡instinct¡¡of¡¡pleasing£»¡¡all¡¡fitted¡¡them¡¡for¡¡the¡¡part¡¡they¡¡assumed¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡distinctly¡¡illustrated¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡that¡¡¡¨our¡¡ideal¡¡is¡¡not¡¡out¡¡of¡¡ourse

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ