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The Women of the French Salons
By Amelia Gere Mason
PREFACE
It has been a labor of love with many distinguished Frenchmen to recall the memories of the women who have made their society so illustrious； and to retouch with sympathetic insight the features which time was beginning to dim。 One naturally hesitates to enter a field that has been gleaned so carefully； and with such brilliant results； by men like Cousin； Sainte…Beuve； Goncourt； and others of lesser note。 But the social life of the two centuries in which women played so important a role in France is always full of human interest from whatever point of view one may regard it。 If there is not a great deal to be said that is new； old facts may be grouped afresh； and old modes of life and thought measured by modern standards。
In searching through the numerous memoirs； chronicles； letters； and original manuscripts in which the records of these centuries are hidden away； nothing has struck me so forcibly as the remarkable mental vigor and the far…reaching influence of women whose theater was mainly a social one。 Though society has its frivolities； it has also its serious side； and it is through the phase of social evolution that was begun in the salons that women have attained the position they hold today。 However beautiful； or valuable； or poetic may have been the feminine types of other nationalities； it is in France that we find the forerunners of the intelligent； self…poised； clear…sighted； independent modern woman。 It is possible that in the search for larger fields the smaller but not less important ones have been in a measure forgotten。 The great stream of civilization flows from a thousand unnoted rills that make sweet music in their course； and swell the current as surely as the more noisy torrent。 The conditions of the past cannot be revived； nor are they desirable。 The present has its own theories and its own methods。 But at a time when the reign of luxury is rapidly establishing false standards； and the best intellectual life makes hopeless struggles against an ever aggressive materialism； it may be profitable as well as interesting to consider the possibilities that lie in a society equally removed from frivolity and pretension； inspired by the talent； the sincerity； and the moral force of American women； and borrowing a new element of fascination from the simple and charming but polite informality of the old salons。
It has been the aim in these studies to gather within a limited compass the women who represented the social life of their time on its most intellectual side； and to trace lightly their influence upon civilization through the avenues of literature and manners。 Though the work may lose something in fullness from the effort to put so much into so small a space； perhaps there is some compensation in the opportunity of comparing； in one gallery； the women who exercised the greatest power in France for a period of more than two hundred years。 The impossibility of entering into the details of so many lives in a single volume is clearly apparent。 Only the most salient points can be considered。 Many who would amply repay a careful study have simply been glanced at； and others have been omitted altogether。 As it would be out of the question in a few pages to make an adequate portrait of women who occupy so conspicuous a place in history as Mme。 De Maintenon and Mme。 De Stael； the former has been reluctantly passed with a simple allusion； and the latter outlined in a brief resume not at all proportional to the relative interest or importance of the subject。
I do not claim to present a complete picture of French society； and without wishing to give too rose…colored a view； it has not seemed to me necessary to dwell upon its corrupt phases。 If truth compels one sometimes to state unpleasant facts in portraying historic characters； it is as needless and unjust as in private life to repeat idle and unproved tales； or to draw imaginary conclusions from questionable data。 The conflict of contemporary opinion on the simplest matters leads one often to the suspicion that all personal history is more or less disguised fiction。 The best one can do in default of direct records is to accept authorities that are generally regarded as the most trustworthy。
This volume is affectionately dedicated to the memory of my mother； who followed the work with appreciative interest in its early stages； hut did not live to see its conclusion。
Amelia Gere Mason Paris； July 6； 1891
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I。 SALONS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY Characteristics of French WomanGallic Genius for Conversation Social ConditionsOrigin of the SalonsTheir PowerTheir CompositionTheir Records
CHAPTER II。 THE HOTEL DE RAMBOUILLET Mme。 De RambouilletThe Salon BleuIts HabituesIts DiversionsCorneilleBalzacRichelieuRomance of the Grand Condethe Young BossuetVoitureThe Duchesse de LonguevilleAngelique PauletJulie d'AngennesLes Precieuses RidiculesDecline of the SalonInfluence upon Literature and Manners
CHAPTER III。 MADEMOISELLE DE SCUDERY AND THE SAMEDIS Salons of the Noblesse〃The Illustrious Sappho〃Her RomancesThe SamedisBons Mots of Mme。 CornuelEstimate of Mlle。 De Scudery
CHAPTER IV。 LA GRANDE MADEMOISELLE Her CharacterHer Heroic Part in the FrondeHer ExileLiterary Diversions of her SalonA Romantic Episode
CHAPTER V。 A LITERARY SALON AT PORT ROYAL Mme。 De SableHer Worldly LifeHer RetreatHer FriendsPascal The Maxims of La RochefoucauldLast Days of the Marquise
CHAPTER VI。 MADAME DE SEVIGNE Her GeniusHer YouthHer Unworthy HusbandHer Impertinent CousinHer love for her DaughterHer LettersHotel de CarnavaletMme。 Duplessis GuengaudMme。 De CoulangesThe Curtain Falls
CHAPTER VII。 MADAME DE LA FAYETTE Her Friendship with Mme。 De SevigneHer EducationHer Devotion to the Princess HenriettaHer SalonLa Rochefoucauld Talent as a DiplomatistComparison with Mme。 De MaintenonHer Literary WorkSadness of her Last DaysWoman in Literature
CHAPTER VIII。 SALONS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Characteristics of the Eighteenth CenturyIts Epicurean PhilosophyAnecdote of Mme。 Du DeffandThe Salon an Engine of Political PowerGreat Influence of WomanSalons DefinedLiterary DinnersEtiquette of the SalonsAn Exotic on American Soil
CHAPTER IX。 AN ANTECHAMBER OF THE ACADEMIE FRANCAISE The Marquise de LambertHer 〃Bureau d'Esprit〃Fontenelle Advice to her SonWise Thoughts on the Education of WomenHer Love of ConsiderationHer GenerosityInfluence of Women upon the Academy
CHAPTER X。 THE DUCHESSE DU MAINE Her Capricious CharacterHer EspritMlle。 De LaunayClever Portrait of her MistressPerpetual Fetes at SceauxVoltaire and the 〃Divine Emilie〃Dilettante Character of this Salon
CHAPTERXI。 MADAME DE TENCIN AND MADAM DU CHATELET An Intriguing ChanoinesseHer Singular FascinationHer SalonIts Philosophical CharacterMlle。 AisseRomances of Mme。 De TencinD'AlembertLa Belle EmilieVoltairethe Two Women Compared
CHAPTER XII。 MADAME GEOFFRIN AND THE PHILOSOPHERS Cradles of the New PhilosophyNoted Salons of this Period Character of Mme。 GeoffrinHer Practical EducationAnecdotes of her HusbandComposition of her SalonIts Insidious InfluenceHer Journey to WarsawHer Death
CHAPTER XIII。 ULTRA PHILOSOPHICAL SALONSMADAME D'EPINAY Mme。 De GraffignyBaron D'HolbachMme。 D'Epinay's Portrait of HerselfMlle。 QuinaultRousseauLa ChevretteGrimmDiderot The Abbe GalianiEstimate of Mme。 D'Epinay
CHAPTER XIV。 SALONS OF THE NOBLESSEMADAME DU DEFFAND La Marechale de LuxenbourgThe TempleComtesse de BoufflersMme。 Du DufandHer Convent SalonRupture with Mlle。 De LespinasseHer Friendship with Horace WalpoleHer Brilliancy and her Ennui
CHAPTER XV。 MADEMOISELLE DE LESPINASSE A Romantic CareerCompanion of Mme。 Du DeffandRival Salons Association with the EncyclopedistsD'AlembertA Heart Tragedy Impassioned LettersA Type Unique in her Age
CHAPTER XVI。 THE SALON HELVETIQUE The Swiss Pastor's DaughterHer Social AmbitionHer Friends Mme。 De MarchaisMme。 D'HoudetotDuchesse de LauzunCharacter of Mme。 NeckerDeath at CoppetClose of the Most Brilliant Period of the Salons
CHAPTER XVII。 SALONS OF THE REVOLUTIONMADAME ROLAND Change in the Character of the SalonsMme。 De CondorcetMme。 Roland's Story of her Own LifeA Marriage of ReasonEnthusiasm for the RevolutionHer Modest SalonHer Tragical Fate
CHAPTER XVIII。 MADAM DE STAEL Supremacy of Her GeniusHer Early TrainingHer SensibilityA Mariage de ConvenanceHer SalonAnecdote of Benjamin Constant Her ExileLife at CoppetSecret MarriageClose of a Stormy Life
CHAPTER XIX。 SALONS OF THE EMPIRE AND RESTORATIONMADAME RECAMIER A Transition periodMme。 De MontessonMme。 De GenusRevival of the Literary SpiritMme。 De BeaumontMme。 De RemusatMme。 De SouzaMme。 De DurasMme。 De KrudenerFascination of Mme。 RecamierHer FriendsHer Convent SalonChateaubriand Decline of the Salon
CHAPTER I。 SALONS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY Characteristics of French WomanGallic Genius for Conversation Social ConditionsOrigin of the SalonsTheir PowerTheir CompositionTheir Records。
〃Inspire； but do not write；〃 said LeBrun to women。 Whatever we may think today of this rather superfluous advice； we can readily pardon a man living in the atmosphere of the old French salons； for falling somewhat
