the ethics(part iv)-第9节
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incredible; what shall we say of infants? A man of ripe age deems their
nature so unlike his own; that he can only be persuaded that he too has
been an infant by the analogy of other men。 However; I prefer to leave such
questions undiscussed; lest I should give ground to the superstitious for
raising new issues。
Prop。 XL。 Whatsoever conduces to man's
social life; or causes men to live
together in harmony; is useful; whereas
whatsoever brings discord into a State is bad。
Proof。… For whatsoever causes men to live together in harmony also causes
them to live according to reason (IV:xxxv。); and is therefore (IV:xxvi。
and IV:xxvii。) good; and (for the same reason) whatsoever brings about
discord is bad。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 XLI。 Pleasure in itself is not
bad but good: contrariwise; pain in
itself is bad。
Proof。… Pleasure (III:xi。&Note) is emotion; whereby the body's power of
activity is increased or helped; pain is emotion; whereby the body's power
of activity is diminished or checked; therefore (IV:xxxviii。) pleasure in
itself is good; &c。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 XLII。 Mirth cannot be excessive;
but is always good; contrariwise;
Melancholy is always bad。
Proof。… Mirth (see its Def。 in III:xi。Note) is pleasure。 which; in so
far as it is referred to the body; consists in all parts of the body being
affected equally: that is (III:xi。); the body's power of activity is
increased or aided in such a manner; that the several parts maintain their
former proportion of motion and rest; therefore Mirth is always good
(IV。 xxxix。); and cannot be excessive。 But Melancholy (see its Def。 in
the same note to III:xi。Note) is pain; which; in so far as it is referred
to the body; consists in the absolute decrease or hindrance of the body's
power of activity; therefore (IV:xxxviii。) it is always bad。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 XLIII。 Stimulation may be excessive
and bad; on the other hand; grief may be
good; in so far as stimulation or pleasure
is bad。
Proof。… Localized pleasure or stimulation (titillatio) is pleasure; which;
in so far as it is referred to the body; consists in one or some of its
parts being affected more than the rest (see its Definition; III:xi。Note);
the power of this emotion may be sufficient to overcome other actions of
the body (IV:vi。); and may remain obstinately fixed therein; thus rendering
it incapable of being affected in a variety of other ways: therefore
(IV:xxxviii。) it may be bad。 Again; grief; which is pain; cannot as such
be good (IV:xli。)。 But; as its force and increase is defined by the power
of an external cause compared with our own (IV:v。); we can conceive
infinite degrees and modes of strength in this emotion (IV:iii。);
we can; therefore; conceive it as capable of restraining stimulation;
and preventing its becoming excessive; and hindering the body's
capabilities; thus; to this extent; it will be good。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 XLIV。 Love and desire may be excessive。
Proof。… Love is pleasure; accompanied by the idea of an external cause
(Def_of_Emotions:vi。); therefore stimulation; accompanied by the idea of
an external cause is love (III:xi。Note); hence love maybe excessive。
Again; the strength of desire varies in proportion to the emotion from
which it arises (III:xxxvii。)。 Now emotion may overcome all the rest of
men's actions (IV:vi。); so; therefore; can desire; which arises from the
same emotion; overcome all other desires; and become excessive; as we
showed in the last proposition concerning stimulation。
Note。… Mirth; which I have stated to be good; can be conceived more easily
than it can be observed。 For the emotions; whereby we are daily assailed;
are generally referred to some part of the body which is affected more than
the rest; hence the emotions are generally excessive; and so fix the mind
in the contemplation of one object; that it is unable to think of others;
and although men; as a rule; are a prey to many emotions … and very few
are found who are always assailed by one and the same … yet there are
cases; where one and the same emotion remains obstinately fixed。 We
sometimes see men so absorbed in one object; that; although it be not
present; they think they have it before them; when this is the case with a
man who is not asleep; we say he is delirious or mad; nor are those persons
who are inflamed with love; and who dream all night and all day about
nothing but their mistress; or some woman; considered as less mad; for
they are made objects of ridicule。 But when a miser thinks of nothing but
gain or money; or when an ambitious man thinks of nothing but glory; they
are not reckoned to be mad; because they are generally harmful; and are
thought worthy of being hated。 But; in reality; Avarice; Ambition; Lust;
&c。; are species of madness; though they may not be reckoned among diseases。
Prop。 XLV。 Hatred can never be good。
Proof。… When we hate a man; we endeavour to destroy him (III。xxxix。);
that is (IV:xxxvii。); we endeavour to do something that is bad。
Therefore; &c。 Q。E。D。
N。B。 Here; and in what follows; I mean by hatred only hatred towards men。
Corollary I。… Envy; derision; contempt; anger; revenge; and other emotions
attributable to hatred; or arising therefrom; are bad; this is evident from
III:xxxix。 and IV:xxxvii。
Corollary II。… Whatsoever we desire from motives of hatred is base; and in
a State unjust。 This also is evident from III:xxxix。; and from the
definitions of baseness and injustice in IV:xxxvii。Note。
Note。… Between derision (which I have in Coroll。 I。 stated to be bad) and
laughter I recognize a great difference。 For laughter; as also jocularity;
is merely pleasure; therefore; so long as it be not excessive; it is in
itself good (IV:xli。)。 Assuredly nothing forbids man to enjoy himself;
save grim and gloomy superstition。 For why is it more lawful to satiate
one's hunger and thirst than to drive away one's melancholy? I reason; and
have convinced myself as follows: No deity; nor anyone else; save the
envious; takes pleasure in my infirmity and discomfort; nor sets down to my
virtue the tears; sobs; fear; and the like; which axe signs of infirmity of
spirit; on the contrary; the greater the pleasure wherewith we are affected;
the greater the perfection whereto we pass; in other words; the more must
we necessarily partake of the divine nature。 Therefore; to make use of what
comes in our way; and to enjoy it as much as possible (not to the point of
satiety; for that would not be enjoyment) is the part of a wise man。 I say
it is the part of a wise man to refresh and recreate himself with moderate
and pleasant food and drink; and also with perfumes; with the soft beauty
of growing plants; with dress; with music; with many sports; with theatres;
and the like; such as every man may make use of without injury to his
neighbour。 For the human body is composed of very numerous parts; of
diverse nature; which continually stand in need of fresh and varied
nourishment; so that the whole body may be equally capable of performing
all the actions; which follow from the necessity of its own nature; and;
consequently; so that the mind may also be equally capable of …
understanding many things simultaneously。 This way of life; then; agrees
best with our principles; and also with general practice; therefore; if
there be any question of another plan; the plan we have mentioned is the
best; and in every way to be commended。 There is no need for me to set
forth the matter more clearly or in more detail。
Prop。 XLVI。 He; who lives under the
guidance of reason; endeavours; as
far as possible; to render back love;
or kindness; for other men's hatred;
anger; contempt; &c。; towards him。
Proof。… All emotions of hatred are bad (IV:xlv。Coroll。i。); therefore he who
lives under the guidance of reason will endeavour; as far as possible; to
avoid being assailed by; such emotions (IV:xix。); consequently; he will
also endeavour to prevent others being so aspect (IV:xxxvii。)。 But hatred
is increased by being reciprocated; and can be quenched by love III:xliii。);
so that hatred may pass into love (III:xliv。); therefore he who lives under
the guidance of reason will endeavour to repay hatred with love; that is;
with kindness。 Q。E。D。
Note。… He who chooses to avenge wrongs with hatred is assuredly; wretched。
But he; who strives to conquer hatred with love; fights his battle in joy
and confidence; he withstands many as easily as one