the ethics(part iv)-第13节
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Corollary。… We may; under the guidance of reason; pursue the lesser evil
as though it were the greater good; and we may shun the lesser good;
which would be the cause of the greater evil。 For the evil; which is
here called the lesser; is really good; and the lesser good is really
evil; wherefore we may seek the former and shun the latter。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 LXVI。 We may; under the guidance of
reason; seek a greater good in the future
in preference to a lesser good in the
present; and we may seek a lesser evil in
the present in preference to a greater evil
in the future。
〃Maltim praesens minus prae majori futuro。〃 (Van Vloten)。 Bruder reads: 〃Malum praesens minus; quod
causa est faturi alicujus mali。〃 The last word of the latter is an obvious misprint; and is
corrected by the Dutch translator into 〃majoris boni。〃 (Pollock; p。 268; note。)
Proof。… If the mind could have an adequate knowledge of things future;
it would be affected towards what is future in the same way as towards
what is present (IV:lxii。); wherefore; looking merely to reason; as in
this proposition we are assumed to do; there is no difference; whether
the greater good or evil be assumed as present; or assumed as future;
hence (IV:lxv。) we may seek a greater good in the future in preference
to a lesser good in the present; &c。 Q。E。D。
Corollary。… We may; under the guidance of reason; seek a lesser evil in
the present; because it is the cause of a greater good in the future;
and we may shun a lesser good in the present; because it is the cause
of a greater evil in the future。 This Corollary is related to the
foregoing Proposition as the Corollary to IV:lxv。 is related to the
said IV:lxv。
Note。… If these statements be compared with what we have pointed out
concerning the strength of the emotions in this Part up to Prop。 xviii。;
we shall readily see the difference between a man; who is led solely by
emotion or opinion; and a man; who is led by reason。 The former; whether
will or no; performs actions whereof he is utterly ignorant; the latter is
his own master and only performs such actions; as he knows are of primary
importance in life; and therefore chiefly; desires; wherefore I call the
former a slave; and the latter a free man; concerning whose disposition
and manner of life it will be well to make a few observations。
Prop。 LXVII。 A free man thinks of death
least of all things; and his wisdom is
a meditation not of death but of life。
Proof。… A free man is one who lives under the guidance of reason; who is
not led by fear (IV:lxiii。); but who directly desires that which is good
(IV:lxiii。Coroll。); in other words (IV:xxiv。); who strives to act; to live;
and to preserve his being on the basis of seeking his own true advantage;
wherefore such an one thinks of nothing less than of death; but his wisdom
is a meditation of life。 Q。E。D
Prop。 LXVIII。 If men were born free;
they would; so long as they remained free;
form no conception of good and evil。
Proof。… I call free him who is led solely by reason; he; therefore; who
is born free; and who remains free; has only adequate ideas; therefore
(IV:lxiv。Coroll。) he has no conception of evil; or consequently (good
and evil being correlative) of good。 Q。E。D。
Note。… It is evident; from IV:iv。; that the hypothesis of this Proposition
is false and inconceivable; except in so far as we look solely to the
nature of man; or rather to God; not in so far as the latter is infinite;
but only in so far as he is the cause of man's existence。
This; and other matters which we have already proved; seem to have
been signifieded by Moses in the history of the first man。 For in that
narrative no other power of God is conceived; save that whereby he
created man; that is the power wherewith he provided solely for man's
advantage; it is stated that God forbade man; being free; to eat of the
tree of the knowledge of good and evil; and that; as soon as man should
have eaten of it; he would straightway fear death rather than desire to
live。 Further; it is written that when man had found a wife; who was in
entire harmony with his nature; he knew that there could be nothing in
nature which could be more useful to him; but that after he believed the
beasts to be like himself; he straightway began to imitate their emotions
(III:xxvii。); and to lose his freedom; this freedom was afterwards
recovered by the patriarchs; led by the spirit of Christ; that is; by the
idea of God; whereon alone it depends; that man may be free; and desire for
others the good which he desires for himself; as we have shown above
(IV:xxxii。)。
Prop。 LXIX。 The virtue of a free man is seen
to be as great; when it declines dangers;
as when it overcomes them。
Proof。… Emotion can only be checked or removed by an emotion contrary to
itself; and possessing more power in restraining emotion (IV:vii。)。 But
blind daring and fear are emotions; which can be conceived as equally
great (IV:v。 and IV:iii。): hence; no less virtue or firmness is required
in checking daring than in checking fear (III:lix。Note); in other words
(Def。 of the Emotions:xl。 and xli。); the free man shows as much virtue;
when he declines dangers; as when he strives to overcome them。 Q。E。D。
Corollary。… The free man is as courageous in timely retreat as in combat;
or; a free man shows equal courage or presence of mind; whether he elect
to give battle or to retreat。
Note。… What courage (animositas) is; and what I mean thereby; I explained
in III:lix。Note。 By danger I mean everything; which can give rise to any
evil; such as pain; hatred; discord; &c。
Prop。 LXX。 The free man; who lives among the
ignorant; strives; as far as he can; to avoid
receiving favours from them。
Proof。… Everyone judges what is good according to his disposition
(III:xxxix。Note); wherefore an ignorant man; who has conferred a benefit
on another; puts his own estimate upon it; and; if it appears to be
estimated less highly by the receiver; will feel pain (III:xlii。)。 But
the free man only desires to join other men to him in friendship
(IV:xxxvii。); not repaying their benefits with others reckoned as of like
value; but guiding himself and others by the free decision of reason;
and doing only such things as he knows to be of primary importance。
Therefore the free man; lest be should become hateful to the ignorant; or
follow their desires rather than reason; will endeavour; as far as he can;
to avoid receiving their favours。
Note。… I say; as far as he can。 For though men be ignorant; yet are they
men; and in cases of necessity could afford us human aid; the most
excellent of all things: therefore it is often necessary to accept favours
from them; and consequently to repay such favours in kind; we must;
therefore; exercise caution in declining favours; lest we should have the
appearance of despising those who bestow them; or of being; from
avaricious motives; unwilling to requite them; and so give ground for
offence by the very fact of striving to avoid it。 Thus; in declining
favours; we must look to the requirements of utility and courtesy。
Prop。 LXXI。 Only free men are thoroughly
grateful one to another。
Proof。… Only free men are thoroughly useful one to another; and
associated among themselves by the closest necessity of friendship
(IV:xxxv。;&Coroll。i。); only such men endeavour; with mutual zeal of
love; to confer benefits on each other (IV:xxxvii。); and; therefore;
only they are thoroughly grateful one to another。 Q。E。D。
Note。… The goodwill; which men who are led by blind desire have for one
another; is generally a bargaining or enticement; rather than pure goodwill。
Moreover; ingratitude is not an emotion。 Yet it is base; inasmuch as
it generally shows; that a man is affected by excessive hatred; anger;
pride; avarice; &c。 He who; by reason of his folly; knows not how to
return benefits; is not ungrateful; much less he who is not gained over
by the gifts of a courtesan to serve her lust; or by a thief to conceal
his thefts; or by any similar persons。 Contrariwise; such an one shows
a constant mind; inasmuch as he cannot by an gifts be corrupted; to his
own or the general hurt。
Prop。 LXXII。 The free man never acts fraudulently;
but always in good faith。
Proof。… If it be asked: What should a man's conduct be in a case where
he could by breaking faith free himself from the danger of present death?