太子爷小说网 > 英语电子书 > the ethics(part iv) >

第13节

the ethics(part iv)-第13节

小说: the ethics(part iv) 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!









Corollary。… We may; under the guidance of reason; pursue the lesser evil 



as though it were the greater good; and we may shun the lesser good; 



which would be the cause of the greater evil。 For the evil; which is 



here called the lesser; is really good; and the lesser good is really 



evil; wherefore we may seek the former and shun the latter。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 LXVI。 We may; under the guidance of 



reason; seek a greater good in the future 



in preference to a lesser good in the 



present; and we may seek a lesser evil in 



the present in preference to a greater evil 



in the future。 



〃Maltim praesens minus prae majori futuro。〃 (Van Vloten)。  Bruder reads: 〃Malum praesens minus; quod



causa est faturi alicujus mali。〃 The last word of the latter is an obvious misprint; and is



corrected by the Dutch translator into 〃majoris boni。〃 (Pollock; p。 268; note。)







Proof。… If the mind could have an adequate knowledge of things future; 



it would be affected towards what is future in the same way as towards 



what is present (IV:lxii。); wherefore; looking merely to reason; as in 



this proposition we are assumed to do; there is no difference; whether 



the greater good or evil be assumed as present; or assumed as future; 



hence (IV:lxv。) we may seek a greater good in the future in preference 



to a lesser good in the present; &c。 Q。E。D。







Corollary。… We may; under the guidance of reason; seek a lesser evil in 



the present; because it is the cause of a greater good in the future; 



and we may shun a lesser good in the present; because it is the cause 



of a greater evil in the future。 This Corollary is related to the 



foregoing Proposition as the Corollary to IV:lxv。 is related to the 



said IV:lxv。







Note。… If these statements be compared with what we have pointed out 



concerning the strength of the emotions in this Part up to Prop。 xviii。; 



we shall readily see the difference between a man; who is led solely by 



emotion or opinion; and a man; who is led by reason。 The former; whether  



will or no; performs actions whereof he is utterly ignorant; the latter is 



his own master and only performs such actions; as he knows are of primary 



importance in life; and therefore chiefly; desires; wherefore I call the 



former a slave; and the latter a free man; concerning whose disposition 



and manner of life it will be well to make a few observations。















Prop。 LXVII。 A free man thinks of death 



least of all things; and his wisdom is 



a meditation not of death but of life。







Proof。… A free man is one who lives under the guidance of reason; who is 



not led by fear (IV:lxiii。); but who directly desires that which is good 



(IV:lxiii。Coroll。); in other words (IV:xxiv。); who strives to act; to live; 



and to preserve his being on the basis of seeking his own true advantage; 



wherefore such an one thinks of nothing less than of death; but his wisdom 



is a meditation of life。 Q。E。D















Prop。 LXVIII。 If men were born free; 



they would; so long as they remained free; 



form no conception of good and evil。







Proof。… I call free him who is led solely by reason; he; therefore; who 



is born free; and who remains free; has only adequate ideas; therefore 



(IV:lxiv。Coroll。) he has no conception of evil; or consequently (good 



and evil being correlative) of good。 Q。E。D。







Note。… It is evident; from IV:iv。; that the hypothesis of this Proposition 



is false and inconceivable; except in so far as we look solely to the 



nature of man; or rather to God; not in so far as the latter is infinite; 



but only in so far as he is the cause of man's existence。







This; and other matters which we have already proved; seem to have 



been signifieded by Moses in the history of the first man。 For in that 



narrative no other power of God is conceived; save that whereby he 



created man; that is the power wherewith he provided solely for man's 



advantage; it is stated that God forbade man; being free; to eat of the 



tree of the knowledge of good and evil; and that; as soon as man should 



have eaten of it; he would straightway fear death rather than desire to 



live。 Further; it is written that when man had found a wife; who was in 



entire harmony with his nature; he knew that there could be nothing in 



nature which could be more useful to him; but that after he believed the 



beasts to be like himself; he straightway began to imitate their emotions 



(III:xxvii。); and to lose his freedom; this freedom was afterwards 



recovered by the patriarchs; led by the spirit of Christ; that is; by the 



idea of God; whereon alone it depends; that man may be free; and desire for 



others the good which he desires for himself; as we have shown above 



(IV:xxxii。)。















Prop。 LXIX。 The virtue of a free man is seen 



to be as great; when it declines dangers; 



as when it overcomes them。







Proof。… Emotion can only be checked or removed by an emotion contrary to 



itself; and possessing more power in restraining emotion (IV:vii。)。 But 



blind daring and fear are emotions; which can be conceived as equally 



great (IV:v。 and IV:iii。): hence; no less virtue or firmness is required 



in checking daring than in checking fear (III:lix。Note); in other words 



(Def。 of the Emotions:xl。 and xli。); the free man shows as much virtue; 



when he declines dangers; as when he strives to overcome them。 Q。E。D。







Corollary。… The free man is as courageous in timely retreat as in combat; 



or; a free man shows equal courage or presence of mind; whether he elect 



to give battle or to retreat。







 Note。… What courage (animositas) is; and what I mean thereby; I explained 



in III:lix。Note。 By danger I mean everything; which can give rise to any 



evil; such as pain; hatred; discord; &c。















Prop。 LXX。 The free man; who lives among the 



ignorant; strives; as far as he can; to avoid 



receiving favours from them。







Proof。… Everyone judges what is good according to his disposition 



(III:xxxix。Note); wherefore an ignorant man; who has conferred a benefit 



on another; puts his own estimate upon it; and; if it appears to be 



estimated less highly by the receiver; will feel pain (III:xlii。)。 But 



the free man only desires to join other men to him in friendship 



(IV:xxxvii。); not repaying their benefits with others reckoned as of like 



value; but guiding himself and others by the free decision of reason; 



and doing only such things as he knows to be of primary importance。  



Therefore the free man; lest be should become hateful to the ignorant; or 



follow their desires rather than reason; will endeavour; as far as he can; 



to avoid receiving their favours。







Note。… I say; as far as he can。 For though men be ignorant; yet are they 





men; and in cases of necessity could afford us human aid; the most 



excellent of all things: therefore it is often necessary to accept favours 



from them; and consequently to repay such favours in kind; we must; 



therefore; exercise caution in declining favours; lest we should have the 



appearance of despising those who bestow them; or of being; from 



avaricious motives; unwilling to requite them; and so give ground for 



offence by the very fact of striving to avoid it。 Thus; in declining 



favours; we must look to the requirements of utility and courtesy。



















Prop。 LXXI。 Only free men are thoroughly 



grateful one to another。







Proof。… Only free men are thoroughly useful one to another; and 



associated among themselves by the closest necessity of friendship 



(IV:xxxv。;&Coroll。i。); only such men endeavour; with mutual zeal of 



love; to confer benefits on each other (IV:xxxvii。); and; therefore; 



only they are thoroughly grateful one to another。 Q。E。D。







Note。… The goodwill; which men who are led by blind desire have for one 



another; is generally a bargaining or enticement; rather than pure goodwill。 



Moreover; ingratitude is not an emotion。 Yet it is base; inasmuch as 



it generally shows; that a man is affected by excessive hatred; anger; 



pride; avarice; &c。 He who; by reason of his folly; knows not how to 



return benefits; is not ungrateful; much less he who is not gained over



by the gifts of a courtesan to serve her lust; or by a thief to conceal 



his thefts; or by any similar persons。 Contrariwise; such an one shows 



a constant mind; inasmuch as he cannot by an gifts be corrupted; to his 



own or the general hurt。















Prop。 LXXII。 The free man never acts fraudulently; 



but always in good faith。







Proof。… If it be asked: What should a man's conduct be in a case where 



he could by breaking faith free himself from the danger of present death? 

返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0

你可能喜欢的