the ethics(part iv)-第12节
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the preface to Pt。 IV。); one and the same action being sometimes good;
sometimes bad; wherefore to the action which is sometimes bad; or arises
from some evil emotion; we may be led by reason (IV:xix。)。 Q。E。D。
Note。… An example will put this point in a clearer light。 The action of
striking; in so far as it is considered physically; and in so far as we
merely look to the fact that a man raises his arm; clenches his fist; and
moves his whole arm violently downwards; is a virtue or excellence which
is conceived as proper to the structure of the human body。 If; then; a man;
moved by anger or hatred; is led to clench his fist or to move his arm;
this result takes place (as we showed in Pt。II。); because one and the
same action can be associated with various mental images of things;
therefore we may be determined to the performance of one and the same
action by confused ideas; or by clear and distinct ideas。 Hence it is
evident that every desire which springs from emotion; wherein the mind is
passive; would become useless; if men could be guided by reason。 Let us
now see why desire which arises from emotion; wherein the mind is passive;
is called by us blind。
Prop。 LX。 Desire arising from a pleasure
or pain; that is not attributable; to
the whole body; but only to one or certain
parts thereof; is without utility in
respect to a man as a whole。
Proof。… Let it be assumed; for instance; that A; a part of a body; is so
strengthened by some external cause; that it prevails over the remaining
parts (IV:vi。)。 This part will not endeavour to do away with its own
powers; in order that the other parts of the body may perform its office;
for this it would be necessary for it to have a force or power of doing
away with its own powers; which (III:vi。) is absurd。 The said part; and;
consequently; the mind also; will endeavour to preserve its condition。
Wherefore desire arising from a pleasure of the kind aforesaid has no
utility in reference to a man as a whole。 If it be assumed; on the other
hand; that the part; A; be checked so that the remaining parts prevail;
it may be proved in the same manner that desire arising from pain has no
utility in respect to a man as a whole。 Q。E。D。
Note。… As pleasure is generally (IV:xliv。Note) attributed to one part
of the body; we generally desire to preserve our being with out taking
into consideration our health as a whole: to which it may be added; that
the desires which have most hold over us (IV:ix。) take account of the
present and not of the future。
Prop。 LXI。 Desire which springs from
reason cannot be excessive。
Proof。… Desire (Def。 of the Emotions:i。) considered absolutely is the
actual essence of man; in so far as it is conceived as in any way
determined to a particular activity by some given modification of itself。
Hence desire; which arises from reason; that is (III:iii。); which is
engendered in us in so far as we act; is the actual essence or nature of
man; in so far as it is conceived as determined to such activities as are
adequately conceived through man's essence only (III:Def。ii。)。 Now; if
such desire could be excessive; human nature considered in itself alone
would be able to exceed itself; or would be able to do more than it can;
a manifest contradiction。 Therefore; such desire cannot be excessive。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 LXII。 In so far as the mind conceives
a thing under the dictates of reason; it is
affected equally; whether the idea be of a
thing future; past; or present。
Proof。… Whatsoever the mind conceives under the guidance of reason; it
conceives under the form of eternity or necessity (II:xliv。Coroll。ii。);
and is therefore affected with the same certitude (II:xliii。&Note)。
Wherefore; whether the thing be present; past; or future; the mind
conceives it under the same necessity and is affected with the same
certitude; and whether the idea be of something present; past; or future;
it will in all cases be equally true (II:xli。); that is; it will always
possess the same properties of an adequate idea (II:Def。iv。); therefore; in
so far as the mind conceives things under the dictates of reason; it is
affected in the same manner; whether the idea be of a thing future; past;
or present。 Q。E。D。
Note。… If we could possess an adequate knowledge of the duration of things;
and could determine by reason their periods of existence; we should
contemplate things future with the same emotion as things present; and
the mind would desire as though it were present the good which it
conceived as future; consequently it would necessarily neglect a lesser
good in the present for the sake of a greater good in the future; and
would in no wise desire that which is good in the present but a source of
evil in the future; as we shall presently show。 However; we can have but
a very inadequate knowledge of the duration of things (II:xxxi。) and the
periods of their existence (II:xliv。Note) we can only determine by
imagination; which is not so powerfully affected by the future as by the
present。 Hence such true knowledge of good and evil as we possess is
merely abstract or general; and the judgment which we pass on the order
of things and the connection of causes; with a view to determining what
is good or bad for us in the; present; is rather imaginary than real。
Therefore it is nothing wonderful; if the desire arising from such
knowledge of good and evil; in so far as it looks on into the future; be
more readily checked than the desire of things which are agreeable at the
present time。 (Cf。 IV:xvi。)
Prop。 LXIII。 He who is led by fear;
and does good in order to escape evil;
is not led by reason。
Proof。… All the emotions which are attributable to the mind as active;
or in other words to reason; are emotions of pleasure and desire (III:lix。);
therefore; he who is led by fear; and does good in order to escape evil;
is not led by reason。
Note。… Superstitions persons; who know better how to rail at vice than
how to teach virtue; and who strive not to guide men by reason; but so
to restrain them that they would rather escape evil than love virtue;
have no other aim but to make others as wretched as themselves; wherefore
it is nothing wonderful; if they be generally troublesome and odious to
their fellow…men。
Corollary。… Under desire which springs from reason; we seek good directly;
and shun evil indirectly。
Proof。… Desire which springs from reason can only spring from a pleasurable
emotion; wherein the mind is not passive (III:lix。); in other words; from
a pleasure which cannot be excessive (IV:lxi。); and not from pain;
wherefore this desire springs from the knowledge of good; not of evil
(IV:viii。); hence under the guidance of reason we seek good directly and
only by implication shun evil。 Q。E。D。
Note。… This Corollary may be illustrated by the example of a sick and a
healthy man。 The sick man through fear of death eats what he naturally
shrinks from; but the healthy man takes pleasure in his food; and thus
gets a better enjoyment out of life; than if he were in fear of death;
and desired directly to avoid it。 So a judge; who condemns a criminal
to death; not from hatred or anger but from love of the public
well…being; is guided solely by reason。
Prop。 LXIV。 The knowledge of evil is
an inadequate knowledge。
Proof。… The knowledge of evil (IV:viii。) is pain; in so far as we are
conscious thereof。 Now pain is the transition to a lesser perfection
(Def。 of the Emotions:iii。) and therefore cannot be understood through
man's nature (III:vi。;& II:vii。); therefore it is a passive state
(III。Def。ii。) which (III:iii。) depends on inadequate ideas; consequently
the knowledge thereof (II:xxix。); namely; the knowledge of evil; is
inadequate。 Q。E。D。
Corollary。… Hence it follows that; if the human mind possessed only
adequate ideas; it would form no conception of evil。
Prop。 LXV。 Under the guidance of reason we
should pursue the greater of two goods and
the lesser of two evils。
Proof。… A good which prevents our enjoyment of a greater good is in
reality an evil; for we apply the terms good and bad to things; in so
far as we compare them one with another (see preface to this Part);
therefore; evil is in reality a lesser good; hence under the guidance of
reason we seek or pursue only the greater good and the lesser evil。 Q。E。D。
Corollary。… We may; under the guidance of reason; pursue the lesser evil
as