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industrial biography-第80节

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measure unacquainted with the working of cotton…mills; having until

then been occupied principally with corn…mills; and printing and

bleaching works; so that an entirely new field was now opened to

their united exertions。  Sedulously improving their opportunities; the

young partners not only thoroughly mastered the practical details of

cotton…mill work; but they were very shortly enabled to introduce a

series of improvements of the greatest importance in this branch of

our national manufactures。  Bringing their vigorous practical minds to

bear on the subject; they at once saw that the gearing of even the

best mills was of a very clumsy and imperfect character。  They found

the machinery driven by large square cast…iron shafts; on which huge

wooden drums; some of them as much as four feet in diameter; revolved

at the rate of about forty revolutions a minute; and the couplings

were so badly fitted that they might be heard creaking and groaning a

long way off。  The speeds of the driving…shafts were mostly got up by

a series of straps and counter drums; which not only crowded the

rooms; but seriously obstructed the light where most required for

conducting the delicate operations of the different machines。  Another

serious defect lay in the construction of the shafts; and in the mode

of fixing the couplings; which were constantly giving way; so that a

week seldom passed without one or more breaks…down。  The repairs were

usually made on Sundays; which were the millwrights' hardest working

days; to their own serious moral detriment; but when trade was good;

every consideration was made to give way to the uninterrupted running

of the mills during the rest of the week。



It occurred to Mr。 Fairbairn that the defective arrangements thus

briefly described; might be remedied by the introduction of lighter

shafts driven at double or treble the velocity; smaller drums to

drive the machinery; and the use of wrought…iron wherever

practicable; because of its greater lightness and strength compared

with wood。  He also provided for the simplification of the hangers and

fixings by which the shafting was supported; and introduced the

〃half…lap coupling〃 so well known to millwrights and engineers。  His

partner entered fully into his views; and the opportunity shortly

presented itself of carrying them into effect in the large new mill

erected in 1818; for the firm of MacConnel and Kennedy。  The machinery

of that concern proved a great improvement on all that had preceded

it; and; to Messrs。 Fairbairn and Lillie's new system of gearing Mr。

Kennedy added an original invention of his own in a system of double

speeds; with the object of giving an increased quantity of twist in

the finer descriptions of mule yarn。



The satisfactory execution of this important work at once placed the

firm of Fairbairn and Lillie in the very front rank of engineering

millwrights。  Mr。 Kennedy's good word was of itself a passport to fame

and business; and as he was more than satisfied with the manner in

which his mill machinery had been planned and executed; he sounded

their praises in all quarters。  Orders poured in upon them so rapidly;

that they had difficulty in keeping pace with the demands of the

trade。  They then removed from their original shed to larger premises

in Matherstreet; where they erected additional lathes and other

tool…machines; and eventually a steam…engine。  They afterwards added a

large cellar under an adjoining factory to their premises; and from

time to time provided new means of turning out work with increased

efficiency and despatch。  In due course of time the firm erected a

factory of their own; fitted with the most improved machinery for

turning out millwork; and they went on from one contract to another;

until their reputation as engineers became widely celebrated。  In

1826…7; they supplied the water…wheels for the extensive cotton…mills

belonging to Kirkman Finlay and Company; at Catrine Bank in Ayrshire。

These wheels are even at this day regarded as among the most perfect

hydraulic machines in Europe。  About the same time they supplied the

mill gearing and water…machinery for Messrs。 Escher and Company's

large works at Zurich; among the largest cotton manufactories on the

continent。



In the mean while the industry of Manchester and the neighbourhood;

through which the firm had risen and prospered; was not neglected;

but had the full benefit of the various improvements which they were

introducing in mill machinery。  In the course of a few years an entire

revolution was effected in the gearing。  Ponderous masses of timber

and cast…iron; with their enormous bearings and couplings; gave place

to slender rods of wrought…iron and light frames or hooks by which

they were suspended。  In like manner; lighter yet stronger wheels and

pulleys were introduced; the whole arrangements were improved; and;

the workmanship being greatly more accurate; friction was avoided;

while the speed was increased from about 40 to upwards of 300

revolutions a minute。  The fly…wheel of the engine was also converted

into a first motion by the formation of teeth on its periphery; by

which a considerable saving was effected both in cost and power。



These great improvements formed quite an era in the history of mill

machinery; and exercised the most important influence on the

development of the cotton; flax; silk; and other branches of

manufacture。  Mr。 Fairbairn says the system introduced by his firm was

at first strongly condemned by leading engineers; and it was with

difficulty that he could overcome the force of their opposition; nor

was it until a wheel of thirty tons weight for a pair of engines of

100…horse power each was erected and set to work; that their

prognostications of failure entirely ceased。  From that time the

principles introduced by Mr。 Fairbairn have been adopted wherever

steam is employed as a motive power in mills。



Mr。 Fairbairn and his partner had a hard uphill battle to fight while

these improvements were being introduced; but energy and

perseverance; guided by sound judgment; secured their usual reward;

and the firm became known as one of the most thriving and

enterprising in Manchester。  Long years after; when addressing an

assembly of working men; Mr。 Fairbairn; while urging the necessity of

labour and application as the only sure means of self…improvement;

said; 〃I can tell you from experience; that there is no labour so

sweet; none so consolatory; as that which is founded upon an honest;

straightforward; and honourable ambition。〃  The history of any

prosperous business; however; so closely resembles every other; and

its details are usually of so monotonous a character; that it is

unnecessary for us to pursue this part of the subject; and we will

content ourselves with briefly indicating the several further

improvements introduced by Mr。 Fairbairn in the mechanics of

construction in the course of his long and useful career。



His improvements in water…wheels were of great value; especially as

regarded the new form of bucket which he introduced with the object

of facilitating the escape of the air as the water entered the bucket

above; and its readmission as the water emptied itself out below。

This arrangement enabled the water to act upon the wheel with the

maximum of effect in all states of the river; and it so generally

recommended itself; that it very soon became adopted in most

water…mills both at home and abroad。*

 'footnote。。。

The subject will be found fully treated in Mr。 Fairbairn's own work;

A Treatise on Mills and Mill…Work; embodying the results of his large

experience。

 。。。'

His labours were not; however; confined to his own particular calling

as a mill engineer; but were shortly directed to other equally

important branches of the constructive art。  Thus he was among the

first to direct his attention to iron ship building as a special

branch of business。  In 1829; Mr。 Houston; of Johnstown; near Paisley;

launched a light boat on the Ardrossan Canal for the purpose of

ascertaining the speed at which it could be towed by horses with two

or three persons on board。  To the surprise of Mr。 Houston and the

other gentlemen present; it was found that the labour the horses had

to perform in towing the boat was mach greater at six or seven; than

at nine miles an hour。  This anomaly was very puzzling to the

experimenters; and at the request of the Council of the Forth and

Clyde Canal; Mr。 Fairbairn; who had already become extensively known

as a scientific mechanic; was requested to visit Scotland and

institute a series of experiments with light boats to determine the

law of traction; and clear up; if possible; the apparent anomalies in

Mr。 Houston's experiments。  This he did accordingly; and the results

of his experiments were afterwards published; The trials extended

over a series of years; and were conducted at a cost of several

thousan

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