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Babbage's own residence; but as Clement's claims for conducting the

operations in the new premises were thought exorbitant; and as he

himself considered that the work did not yield him the average profit

of ordinary employment in his own trade; he eventually withdrew from

the enterprise; taking with him the tools which he had constructed

for executing the machine。  The government also shortly after withdrew

from it; and from that time the scheme was suspended; the Calculating

Engine remaining a beautiful but unfinished fragment of a great work。

Though originally intended to go as far as twenty figures; it was

only completed to the extent of being capable of calculating to the

depth of five figures; and two orders of differences; and only a

small part of the proposed printing machinery was ever made。  The

engine was placed in the museum of King's College in 1843; enclosed

in a glass case; until the year 1862; when it was removed for a time

to the Great Exhibition; where it formed perhaps the most remarkable

and beautifully executed piece of mechanism the combined result of

intellectual and mechanical contrivancein the entire collection。*

 'footnote。。。

A complete account of the calculating machine; as well as of an

analytical engine afterwards contrived by Mr。 Babbage; of still

greater power than the other; will be found in the Bibliotheque

Universelle de Geneve; of which a translation into English; with

copious original notes; by the late Lady Lovelace; daughter of Lord

Byron; was published in the 3rd vol。 of Taylor's Scientific Memoirs

(London; 1843)。  A history of the machine; and of the circumstances

connected with its construction; will also be found in Weld's History

of the Royal Society; vol。 ii。 369…391。  It remains to be added; that

the perusal by Messrs。 Scheutz of Stockholm of Dr。 Lardner's account

of Mr。 Babbage's engine in the Edinburgh Review; led those clever

mechanics to enter upon the scheme of constructing and completing it;

and the result is; that their machine not only calculates the tables;

but prints the results。  It took them nearly twenty years to perfect

it; but when completed the machine seemed to be almost capable of

thinking。  The original was exhibited at the Paris Exhibition of 1855。

A copy of it has since been secured by the English government at a

cost of 1200L。; and it is now busily employed at Somerset House in

working out annuity and other tables for the Registrar…General。  The

copy was constructed; with several admirable improvements; by the

Messrs。 Donkin; the well…known mechanical engineers; after the

working drawings of the Messrs。 Scheutz。

 。。。'



Clement was on various other occasions invited to undertake work

requiring extra skill; which other mechanics were unwilling or unable

to execute。  He was thus always full of employment; never being under

the necessity of canvassing for customers。  He was almost constantly

in his workshop; in which he took great pride。  His dwelling was over

the office in the yard; and it was with difficulty he could be

induced to leave the premises。  On one occasion Mr。 Brunel of the

Great Western Railway called upon him to ask if he could supply him

with a superior steam…whistle for his locomotives; the whistles which

they were using giving forth very little sound。  Clement examined the

specimen brought by Brunel; and pronounced it to be 〃mere

tallow…chandler's work。〃  He undertook to supply a proper article; and

after his usual fashion he proceeded to contrive a machine or tool

for the express purpose of making steam…whistles。  They were made and

supplied; and when mounted on the locomotive the effect was indeed

〃screaming。〃  They were heard miles off; and Brunel; delighted;

ordered a hundred。  But when the bill came in; it was found that the

charge made for them was very highas much as 40L。 the set。  The

company demurred at the price;Brunel declaring it to be six times

more than the price they had before been paying。  〃That may be;〃

rejoined Clement; 〃but mine are more than six times better。  You

ordered a first…rate article; and you must be content to pay for it。〃

The matter was referred to an arbitrator; who awarded the full sum

claimed。  Mr。 Weld mentions a similar case of an order which Clement

received from America to make a large screw of given dimensions 〃in

the best possible manner;〃 and he accordingly proceeded to make one

with the greatest mathematical accuracy。  But his bill amounted to

some hundreds of pounds; which completely staggered the American; who

did not calculate on having to pay more than 20L。 at the utmost for

the screw。  The matter was; however; referred to arbitrators; who gave

their decision; as in the former case; in favour of the mechanic。*

 'footnote。。。

History of the Royal Society; ii。 374。

 。。。'



One of the last works which Clement executed as a matter of pleasure;

was the building of an organ for his own use。  It will be remembered

that when working as a slater at Great Ashby; he had made flutes and

clarinets; and now in his old age he determined to try his skill at

making an organin his opinion the king of musical instruments。  The

building of it became his hobby; and his greatest delight was in

superintending its progress。  It cost him about two thousand pounds in

labour alone; but he lived to finish it; and we have been informed

that it was pronounced a very excellent instrument。



Clement was a heavy…browed man; without any polish of manner or

speech; for to the last he continued to use his strong Westmoreland

dialect。  He was not educated in a literary sense; for he read but

little; and could write with difficulty。  He was eminently a mechanic;

and had achieved his exquisite skill by observation; experience; and

reflection。  His head was a complete repertory of inventions; on which

he was constantly drawing for the improvement of mechanical practice。

Though he had never more than thirty workmen in his factory; they

were all of the first class; and the example which Clement set before

them of extreme carefulness and accuracy in execution rendered his

shop one of the best schools of its time for the training of

thoroughly accomplished mechanics。  Mr。 Clement died in 1844; in his

sixty…fifth year; after which his works were carried on by Mr。

Wilkinson; one of his nephews; and his planing machine still

continues in useful work。





CHAPTER XIV。



FOX OF DERBY … MURRAY OF LEEDS … ROBERTS AND WHITWORTH OF MANCHESTER。



〃Founders and senators of states and cities; lawgivers; extirpers of

tyrants; fathers of the people; and other eminent persons in civil

government; were honoured but with titles of Worthies or demi…gods;

whereas; such as were inventors and authors of new arts; endowments;

and commodities towards man's life; were ever consecrated amongst the

gods themselves。〃BACON; Advancement of Learning。





While such were the advances made in the arts of tool…making and

engine…construction through the labours of Bramah; Maudslay; and

Clement; there were other mechanics of almost equal eminence who

flourished about the same time and subsequently in several of the

northern manufacturing towns。  Among these may be mentioned James Fox

of Derby; Matthew Murray and Peter Fairbairn of Leeds; Richard

Roberts; Joseph Whitworth; James Nasmyth; and William Fairbairn of

Manchester; to all of whom the manufacturing industry of Great

Britain stands in the highest degree indebted。



James Fox; the founder of the Derby firm of mechanical engineers; was

originally a butler in the service of the Rev。 Thomas Gisborne; of

Foxhall Lodge; Staffordshire。  Though a situation of this kind might

not seem by any means favourable for the display of mechanical

ability; yet the butler's instinct for handicraft was so strong that

it could not be repressed; and his master not only encouraged him in

the handling of tools in his leisure hours; but had so genuine an

admiration of his skill as well as his excellent qualities of

character; that he eventually furnished him with the means of

beginning business on his own account。



The growth and extension of the cotton; silk; and lace trades; in the

neighbourhood of Derby; furnished Fox with sufficient opportunities

for the exercise of his mechanical skill; and he soon found ample

scope for its employment。  His lace machinery became celebrated; and

he supplied it largely to the neighbouring town of Nottingham; he

also obtained considerable employment from the great firms of

Arkwright and Strutt the founders of the modem cotton manufacture。

Mr。 Fox also became celebrated for his lathes; which were of

excellent quality; still maintaining their high reputation; and

besides making largely for the supply of the home demand; he exported

much machinery abroad; to France; Russia; and the Mauritius。



The present Messrs。 Fox of Derby; who continue to carry on the

business of the firm; claim for their gr

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