industrial biography-第5节
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copper by the ancients for edge…tools and warlike instruments; does
not preclude the supposition that iron was then comparatively
plentiful; though it is probable that it was confined to the ruder
arts of life。 A knowledge of the mixture of copper; tin; and zinc;
seems to have been among the first discoveries of the metallurgist。
Instruments fabricated from these alloys; recommended by the use of
ages; the perfection of the art; the splendour and polish of their
surfaces; not easily injured by time and weather; would not soon be
superseded by the invention of simple iron; inferior in edge and
polish; at all times easily injured by rust; and in the early stages
of its manufacture converted with difficulty into forms that required
proportion or elegance。〃(Papers on Iron and Steel; 365…6。) By some
secret method that has been lost; perhaps because no longer needed
since the invention of steel; the ancients manufactured bronze tools
capable of taking a fine edge。 in our own time; Chantrey the
sculptor; in his reverence for classic metallurgy; had a bronze razor
made with which he martyred himself in shaving; but none were found
so hardy and devoted as to follow his example。
。。。'
the latter metal continuing to be employed only for the purpose of
making scabbards or sword…handles。 Shortly after the commencement of
the iron age; the lake…habitations were abandoned; the only
settlement of this later epoch yet discovered being that at Tene; on
Lake Neufchatel: and it is a remarkable circumstance; showing the
great antiquity of the lake…dwellings; that they are not mentioned by
any of the Roman historians。
That iron should have been one of the last of the metals to come into
general use; is partly accounted for by the circumstance that iron;
though one of the most generally diffused of minerals; never presents
itself in a natural state; except in meteorites; and that to
recognise its ores; and then to separate the metal from its matrix;
demands the exercise of no small amount of observation and invention。
Persons unacquainted with minerals would be unable to discover the
slightest affinity between the rough ironstone as brought up from the
mine; and the iron or steel of commerce。 To unpractised eyes they
would seem to possess no properties in common; and it is only after
subjecting the stone to severe processes of manufacture that usable
metal can be obtained from it。 The effectual reduction of the ore
requires an intense heat; maintained by artificial methods; such as
furnaces and blowing apparatus。*
'footnote。。。
It may be mentioned in passing; that while Zinc is fusible at
3 degrees of Wedgwood's pyrometer; Silver at 22 degrees; Copper at
27 degrees; and Gold at 32 degrees; Cast Iron is only fusible at
130 degrees。 Tin (one of the constituents of the ancient bronze) and
Lead are fusible at much lower degrees than zinc。
。。。'
But it is principally in combination with other elements that iron is
so valuable when compared with other metals。 Thus; when combined with
carbon; in varying proportions; substances are produced; so
different; but each so valuable; that they might almost be regarded
in the light of distinct metals;such; for example; as cast…iron;
and cast and bar steel; the various qualities of iron enabling it to
be used for purposes so opposite as a steel pen and a railroad; the
needle of a mariner's compass and an Armstrong gun; a surgeon's
lancet and a steam engine; the mainspring of a watch and an iron
ship; a pair of scissors and a Nasmyth hammer; a lady's earrings and
a tubular bridge。
The variety of purposes to which iron is thus capable of being
applied; renders it of more use to mankind than all the other metals
combined。 Unlike iron; gold is found pure; and in an almost workable
state; and at an erly period in history; it seems to have been much
more plentiful than iron or steel。 But gold was unsuited for the
purposes of tools; and would serve for neither a saw; a chisel; an
axe; nor a sword; whilst tempered steel could answer all these
purposes。 Hence we find the early warlike nations making the backs of
their swords of gold or copper; and economizing their steel to form
the cutting edge。 This is illustrated by many ancient Scandinavian
weapons in the museum at Copenhagen; which indicate the greatest
parsimony in the use of steel at a period when both gold and copper
appear to have been comparatively abundant。
The knowledge of smelting and working in iron; like most other arts;
came from the East。 Iron was especially valued for purposes of war;
of which indeed it was regarded as the symbol; being called 〃Mars〃 by
the Romans。*
'footnote。。。
The Romans named the other metals after the gods。 Thus Quicksilver
was called Mercury; Lead Saturn; Tin Jupiter; Copper Venus; Silver
Luna; and so on; and our own language has received a colouring from
the Roman nomenclature; which it continues to retain。
。。。'
We find frequent mention of it in the Bible。 One of the earliest
notices of the metal is in connexion with the conquest of Judea by
the Philistines。 To complete the subjection of the Israelites; their
conquerors made captive all the smiths of the land; and carried them
away。 The Philistines felt that their hold of the country was
insecure so long as the inhabitants possessed the means of forging
weapons。 Hence 〃there was no smith found throughout all the land of
Israel; for the Philistines said; Lest the Hebrews make them swords
or spears。 But the Israelites went down to the Philistines; to
sharpen every man his share; and his coulter; and his axe; and his
mattock。〃*
'footnote。。。
I。 Samuel xiii。 19; 20。
。。。'
At a later period; when Jerusalem was taken by the Babylonians; one
of their first acts was to carry the smiths and other craftsmen
captives to Babylon。*
'footnote。。。
II。 Kings xxiv。 16。
。。。'
Deprived of their armourers; the Jews were rendered comparatively
powerless。
It was the knowledge of the art of iron…forging which laid the
foundation of the once great empire of the Turks。 Gibbon relates that
these people were originally the despised slaves of the powerful Khan
of the Geougen。 They occupied certain districts of the mountain…ridge
in the centre of Asia; called Imaus; Caf; and Altai; which yielded
iron in large quantities。 This metal the Turks were employed by the
Khan to forge for his use in war。 A bold leader arose among them; who
persuaded the ironworkers that the arms which they forged for their
masters might in their own hands become the instruments of freedom。
Sallying forth from their mountains; they set up their standard; and
their weapons soon freed them。 For centuries after; the Turkish
nation continued to celebrate the event of their liberation by an
annual ceremony; in which a piece of iron was heated in the fire; and
a smith's hammer was successively handled by the prince and his
nobles。
We can only conjecture how the art of smelting iron was discovered。
Who first applied fire to the ore; and made it plastic; who
discovered fire itself; and its uses in metallurgy? No one can tell。
Tradition says that the metal was discovered through the accidental
burning of a wood in Greece。 Mr。 Mushet thinks it more probable that
the discovery was made on the conversion of wood into charcoal for
culinary or chamber purposes。 〃If a mass of ore;〃 he says;
〃accidentally dropped into the middle of the burning pile during a
period of neglect; or during the existence of a thorough draught; a
mixed mass; partly earthy and partly metallic; would be obtained;
possessing ductility and extension under pressure。 But if the
conjecture is pushed still further; and we suppose that the ore was
not an oxide; but rich in iron; magnetic or spicular; the result
would in all probability be a mass of perfectly malleable iron。 I
have seen this fact illustrated in the roasting of a species of
iron…stone; which was united with a considerable mass of bituminous
matter。 After a high temperature had been excited in the interior of
the pile; plates of malleable iron of a tough and flexible nature
were formed; and under circumstances where there was no fuel but that
furnished by the ore itself。〃*
'footnote。。。
Papers on Iron and Steel; 363…4。
。。。'
The metal once discovered; many attempts would be made to give to
that which had been the effect of accident a more unerring result。
The smelting of ore in an open heap of wood or charcoal being found
tedious and wasteful; as well as uncertain; would naturally lead to
the invention of a furnace; with the object of keeping the ore
surrounded as much as possible with fuel while the process of
conversion into iron was going forward。 The low conical furnaces
employed at this day by some of the tribes of Central and Southern
Africa; are perhaps very much the same in character as those adopted
by the early tribes o